Power Control Procedures in Wireless Networks

ABSTRACT

A wireless device may perform pathloss estimation of pathloss reference signals (RSs). The wireless device may receive downlink control information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state of TCI states. The TCI states may be grouped into TCI state groups. The first TCI state may be associated with a first pathloss RS. The wireless device may select, from the pathloss RSs, a second pathloss RS associated with a second TCI state of the TCI states. The second pathloss RS may be selected based on the first pathloss RS not being one of the pathloss RSs and the first TCI state and the second TCI state belonging to a first TCI state group of the TCI state groups. The wireless device may transmit an uplink signal using a transmit power based on the second pathloss RS.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/250,714, filed Sep. 30, 2021, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present disclosureare described herein with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B illustrate example mobile communication networks inwhich embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate a New Radio (NR) user planeand control plane protocol stack.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocollayers of the NR user plane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR userplane protocol stack of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B respectively illustrate a mapping between logicalchannels, transport channels, and physical channels for the downlink anduplink.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into whichOFDM symbols are grouped.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time andfrequency domain for an NR carrier.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using threeconfigured BWPs for an NR carrier.

FIG. 10A illustrates three carrier aggregation configurations with twocomponent carriers.

FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may beconfigured into one or more PUCCH groups.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block structure andlocation.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example of CSI-RSs that are mapped in the timeand frequency domains.

FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B respectively illustrate examples of three downlinkand uplink beam management procedures.

FIG. 13A, FIG. 13B, and FIG. 13C respectively illustrate a four-stepcontention-based random access procedure, a two-step contention-freerandom access procedure, and another two-step random access procedure.

FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for abandwidth part.

FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCItransmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device in communicationwith a base station.

FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D illustrate example structuresfor uplink and downlink transmission.

FIG. 17 illustrates joint TCI states and separate TCI states, accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 18A illustrates an example association between uplink TCI statesand power control parameters, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 18B illustrates an example association between joint TCI states andpower control parameters, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example power control procedure based on TCIstates, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example power control procedure based on TCIstates, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example power control procedure based on TCIstates, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example flowchart of a method for a power controlprocedure based on TCI states, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example power control procedure based on TCIstates, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example flowchart of a method for a power controlprocedure based on TCI states, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 25 illustrates an example flowchart of a method for a power controlprocedure based on TCI states, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the present disclosure, various embodiments are presented as examplesof how the disclosed techniques may be implemented and/or how thedisclosed techniques may be practiced in environments and scenarios. Itwill be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that variouschanges in form and detail can be made therein without departing fromthe scope. In fact, after reading the description, it will be apparentto one skilled in the relevant art how to implement alternativeembodiments. The present embodiments should not be limited by any of thedescribed exemplary embodiments. The embodiments of the presentdisclosure will be described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. Limitations, features, and/or elements from the disclosedexample embodiments may be combined to create further embodiments withinthe scope of the disclosure. Any figures which highlight thefunctionality and advantages, are presented for example purposes only.The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable,such that it may be utilized in ways other than that shown. For example,the actions listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionallyused in some embodiments.

Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosedmechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example,in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, acombination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may bebased, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network nodeconfigurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes,traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or the like.When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments maybe applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement exampleembodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols.

A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wirelessdevices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/ormultiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have somespecific capability(ies) depending on wireless device category and/orcapability(ies). When this disclosure refers to a base stationcommunicating with a plurality of wireless devices, this disclosure mayrefer to a subset of the total wireless devices in a coverage area. Thisdisclosure may refer to, for example, a plurality of wireless devices ofa given LTE or 5G release with a given capability and in a given sectorof the base station. The plurality of wireless devices in thisdisclosure may refer to a selected plurality of wireless devices, and/ora subset of total wireless devices in a coverage area which performaccording to disclosed methods, and/or the like. There may be aplurality of base stations or a plurality of wireless devices in acoverage area that may not comply with the disclosed methods, forexample, those wireless devices or base stations may perform based onolder releases of LTE or 5G technology.

In this disclosure, “a” and “an” and similar phrases are to beinterpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” Similarly, any termthat ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one”and “one or more.” In this disclosure, the term “may” is to beinterpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” isindicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of oneof a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, beemployed by one or more of the various embodiments. The terms“comprises” and “consists of”, as used herein, enumerate one or morecomponents of the element being described. The term “comprises” isinterchangeable with “includes” and does not exclude unenumeratedcomponents from being included in the element being described. Bycontrast, “consists of” provides a complete enumeration of the one ormore components of the element being described. The term “based on”, asused herein, should be interpreted as “based at least in part on” ratherthan, for example, “based solely on”. The term “and/or” as used hereinrepresents any possible combination of enumerated elements. For example,“A, B, and/or C” may represent A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A,B, and C.

If A and B are sets and every element of A is an element of B, A iscalled a subset of B. In this specification, only non-empty sets andsubsets are considered. For example, possible subsets of B={cell1,cell2} are: {cell1}, {cell2}, and {cell1, cell2}. The phrase “based on”(or equally “based at least on”) is indicative that the phrase followingthe term “based on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitablepossibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of thevarious embodiments. The phrase “in response to” (or equally “inresponse at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following thephrase “in response to” is an example of one of a multitude of suitablepossibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of thevarious embodiments. The phrase “depending on” (or equally “depending atleast to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “dependingon” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities thatmay, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.The phrase “employing/using” (or equally “employing/using at least”) isindicative that the phrase following the phrase “employing/using” is anexample of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or maynot, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments.

The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether thedevice is in an operational or non-operational state. Configured mayrefer to specific settings in a device that effect the operationalcharacteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational ornon-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware,registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured” within adevice, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state,to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “acontrol message to cause in a device” may mean that a control messagehas parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics ormay be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether thedevice is in an operational or non-operational state.

In this disclosure, parameters (or equally called, fields, orInformation elements: IEs) may comprise one or more information objects,and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. Forexample, if parameter (IE) N comprises parameter (IE) M, and parameter(IE) M comprises parameter (IE) K, and parameter (IE) K comprisesparameter (information element) J. Then, for example, N comprises K, andN comprises J. In an example embodiment, when one or more messagescomprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that a parameter in theplurality of parameters is in at least one of the one or more messages,but does not have to be in each of the one or more messages.

Many features presented are described as being optional through the useof “may” or the use of parentheses. For the sake of brevity andlegibility, the present disclosure does not explicitly recite each andevery permutation that may be obtained by choosing from the set ofoptional features. The present disclosure is to be interpreted asexplicitly disclosing all such permutations. For example, a systemdescribed as having three optional features may be embodied in sevenways, namely with just one of the three possible features, with any twoof the three possible features or with three of the three possiblefeatures.

Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may beimplemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element thatperforms a defined function and has a defined interface to otherelements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented inhardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (e.g.hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, which maybe behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented as asoftware routine written in a computer language configured to beexecuted by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic,Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink,Stateflow, GNU Octave, or Lab VIEWMathScript. It may be possible toimplement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete orprogrammable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples ofprogrammable hardware comprise: computers, microcontrollers,microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices(CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmedusing languages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs andCPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL)such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog thatconfigure connections between internal hardware modules with lesserfunctionality on a programmable device. The mentioned technologies areoften used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a mobile communication network 100 inwhich embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Themobile communication network 100 may be, for example, a public landmobile network (PLMN) run by a network operator. As illustrated in FIG.1A, the mobile communication network 100 includes a core network (CN)102, a radio access network (RAN) 104, and a wireless device 106.

The CN 102 may provide the wireless device 106 with an interface to oneor more data networks (DNs), such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet),private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interfacefunctionality, the CN 102 may set up end-to-end connections between thewireless device 106 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the wirelessdevice 106, and provide charging functionality.

The RAN 104 may connect the CN 102 to the wireless device 106 throughradio communications over an air interface. As part of the radiocommunications, the RAN 104 may provide scheduling, radio resourcemanagement, and retransmission protocols. The communication directionfrom the RAN 104 to the wireless device 106 over the air interface isknown as the downlink and the communication direction from the wirelessdevice 106 to the RAN 104 over the air interface is known as the uplink.Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions usingfrequency division duplexing (FDD), time-division duplexing (TDD),and/or some combination of the two duplexing techniques.

The term wireless device may be used throughout this disclosure to referto and encompass any mobile device or fixed (non-mobile) device forwhich wireless communication is needed or usable. For example, awireless device may be a telephone, smart phone, tablet, computer,laptop, sensor, meter, wearable device, Internet of Things (IoT) device,vehicle road side unit (RSU), relay node, automobile, and/or anycombination thereof. The term wireless device encompasses otherterminology, including user equipment (UE), user terminal (UT), accessterminal (AT), mobile station, handset, wireless transmit and receiveunit (WTRU), and/or wireless communication device.

The RAN 104 may include one or more base stations (not shown). The termbase station may be used throughout this disclosure to refer to andencompass a Node B (associated with UMTS and/or 3G standards), anEvolved Node B (eNB, associated with E-UTRA and/or 4G standards), aremote radio head (RRH), a baseband processing unit coupled to one ormore RRHs, a repeater node or relay node used to extend the coveragearea of a donor node, a Next Generation Evolved Node B (ng-eNB), aGeneration Node B (gNB, associated with NR and/or 5G standards), anaccess point (AP, associated with, for example, WiFi or any othersuitable wireless communication standard), and/or any combinationthereof. A base station may comprise at least one gNB Central Unit(gNB-CU) and at least one a gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU).

A base station included in the RAN 104 may include one or more sets ofantennas for communicating with the wireless device 106 over the airinterface. For example, one or more of the base stations may includethree sets of antennas to respectively control three cells (or sectors).The size of a cell may be determined by a range at which a receiver(e.g., a base station receiver) can successfully receive thetransmissions from a transmitter (e.g., a wireless device transmitter)operating in the cell. Together, the cells of the base stations mayprovide radio coverage to the wireless device 106 over a wide geographicarea to support wireless device mobility.

In addition to three-sector sites, other implementations of basestations are possible. For example, one or more of the base stations inthe RAN 104 may be implemented as a sectored site with more or less thanthree sectors. One or more of the base stations in the RAN 104 may beimplemented as an access point, as a baseband processing unit coupled toseveral remote radio heads (RRHs), and/or as a repeater or relay nodeused to extend the coverage area of a donor node. A baseband processingunit coupled to RRHs may be part of a centralized or cloud RANarchitecture, where the baseband processing unit may be eithercentralized in a pool of baseband processing units or virtualized. Arepeater node may amplify and rebroadcast a radio signal received from adonor node. A relay node may perform the same/similar functions as arepeater node but may decode the radio signal received from the donornode to remove noise before amplifying and rebroadcasting the radiosignal.

The RAN 104 may be deployed as a homogenous network of macrocell basestations that have similar antenna patterns and similar high-leveltransmit powers. The RAN 104 may be deployed as a heterogeneous network.In heterogeneous networks, small cell base stations may be used toprovide small coverage areas, for example, coverage areas that overlapwith the comparatively larger coverage areas provided by macrocell basestations. The small coverage areas may be provided in areas with highdata traffic (or so-called “hotspots”) or in areas with weak macrocellcoverage. Examples of small cell base stations include, in order ofdecreasing coverage area, microcell base stations, picocell basestations, and femtocell base stations or home base stations.

The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 toprovide global standardization of specifications for mobilecommunication networks similar to the mobile communication network 100in FIG. 1A. To date, 3GPP has produced specifications for threegenerations of mobile networks: a third generation (3G) network known asUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a fourth generation(4G) network known as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and a fifth generation(5G) network known as 5G System (5GS). Embodiments of the presentdisclosure are described with reference to the RAN of a 3GPP 5G network,referred to as next-generation RAN (NG-RAN). Embodiments may beapplicable to RANs of other mobile communication networks, such as theRAN 104 in FIG. 1A, the RANs of earlier 3G and 4G networks, and those offuture networks yet to be specified (e.g., a 3GPP 6G network). NG-RANimplements 5G radio access technology known as New Radio (NR) and may beprovisioned to implement 4G radio access technology or other radioaccess technologies, including non-3GPP radio access technologies.

FIG. 1B illustrates another example mobile communication network 150 inwhich embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Mobilecommunication network 150 may be, for example, a PLMN run by a networkoperator. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, mobile communication network 150includes a 5G core network (5G-CN) 152, an NG-RAN 154, and UEs 156A and156B (collectively UEs 156). These components may be implemented andoperate in the same or similar manner as corresponding componentsdescribed with respect to FIG. 1A.

The 5G-CN 152 provides the UEs 156 with an interface to one or more DNs,such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/orintra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the 5G-CN152 may set up end-to-end connections between the UEs 156 and the one ormore DNs, authenticate the UEs 156, and provide charging functionality.Compared to the CN of a 3GPP 4G network, the basis of the 5G-CN 152 maybe a service-based architecture. This means that the architecture of thenodes making up the 5G-CN 152 may be defined as network functions thatoffer services via interfaces to other network functions. The networkfunctions of the 5G-CN 152 may be implemented in several ways, includingas network elements on dedicated or shared hardware, as softwareinstances running on dedicated or shared hardware, or as virtualizedfunctions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud-based platform).

As illustrated in FIG. 1B, the 5G-CN 152 includes an Access and MobilityManagement Function (AMF) 158A and a User Plane Function (UPF) 158B,which are shown as one component AMF/UPF 158 in FIG. 1B for ease ofillustration. The UPF 158B may serve as a gateway between the NG-RAN 154and the one or more DNs. The UPF 158B may perform functions such aspacket routing and forwarding, packet inspection and user plane policyrule enforcement, traffic usage reporting, uplink classification tosupport routing of traffic flows to the one or more DNs, quality ofservice (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., packet filtering,gating, uplink/downlink rate enforcement, and uplink trafficverification), downlink packet buffering, and downlink data notificationtriggering. The UPF 158B may serve as an anchor point forintra-/inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, an externalprotocol (or packet) data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect tothe one or more DNs, and/or a branching point to support a multi-homedPDU session. The UEs 156 may be configured to receive services through aPDU session, which is a logical connection between a UE and a DN.

The AMF 158A may perform functions such as Non-Access Stratum (NAS)signaling termination, NAS signaling security, Access Stratum (AS)security control, inter-CN node signaling for mobility between 3GPPaccess networks, idle mode UE reachability (e.g., control and executionof paging retransmission), registration area management, intra-systemand inter-system mobility support, access authentication, accessauthorization including checking of roaming rights, mobility managementcontrol (subscription and policies), network slicing support, and/orsession management function (SMF) selection. NAS may refer to thefunctionality operating between a CN and a UE, and AS may refer to thefunctionality operating between the UE and a RAN.

The 5G-CN 152 may include one or more additional network functions thatare not shown in FIG. 1B for the sake of clarity. For example, the 5G-CN152 may include one or more of a Session Management Function (SMF), anNR Repository Function (NRF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), a NetworkExposure Function (NEF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an ApplicationFunction (AF), and/or an Authentication Server Function (AUSF).

The NG-RAN 154 may connect the 5G-CN 152 to the UEs 156 through radiocommunications over the air interface. The NG-RAN 154 may include one ormore gNBs, illustrated as gNB 160A and gNB 160B (collectively gNBs 160)and/or one or more ng-eNBs, illustrated as ng-eNB 162A and ng-eNB 162B(collectively ng-eNBs 162). The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162 may be moregenerically referred to as base stations. The gNBs 160 and ng-eNBs 162may include one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the UEs156 over an air interface. For example, one or more of the gNBs 160and/or one or more of the ng-eNBs 162 may include three sets of antennasto respectively control three cells (or sectors). Together, the cells ofthe gNBs 160 and the ng-eNBs 162 may provide radio coverage to the UEs156 over a wide geographic area to support UE mobility.

As shown in FIG. 1B, the gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may beconnected to the 5G-CN 152 by means of an NG interface and to other basestations by an Xn interface. The NG and Xn interfaces may be establishedusing direct physical connections and/or indirect connections over anunderlying transport network, such as an internet protocol (IP)transport network. The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connectedto the UEs 156 by means of a Uu interface. For example, as illustratedin FIG. 1B, gNB 160A may be connected to the UE 156A by means of a Uuinterface. The NG, Xn, and Uu interfaces are associated with a protocolstack. The protocol stacks associated with the interfaces may be used bythe network elements in FIG. 1B to exchange data and signaling messagesand may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane. The userplane may handle data of interest to a user. The control plane mayhandle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

The gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162 may be connected to one or moreAMF/UPF functions of the 5G-CN 152, such as the AMF/UPF 158, by means ofone or more NG interfaces. For example, the gNB 160A may be connected tothe UPF 158B of the AMF/UPF 158 by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U)interface. The NG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g., non-guaranteeddelivery) of user plane PDUs between the gNB 160A and the UPF 158B. ThegNB 160A may be connected to the AMF 158A by means of an NG-Controlplane (NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide, for example, NGinterface management, UE context management, UE mobility management,transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, andconfiguration transfer and/or warning message transmission.

The gNBs 160 may provide NR user plane and control plane protocolterminations towards the UEs 156 over the Uu interface. For example, thegNB 160A may provide NR user plane and control plane protocolterminations toward the UE 156A over a Uu interface associated with afirst protocol stack. The ng-eNBs 162 may provide Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocolterminations towards the UEs 156 over a Uu interface, where E-UTRArefers to the 3GPP 4G radio-access technology. For example, the ng-eNB162B may provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocolterminations towards the UE 156B over a Uu interface associated with asecond protocol stack.

The 5G-CN 152 was described as being configured to handle NR and 4Gradio accesses. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in theart that it may be possible for NR to connect to a 4G core network in amode known as “non-standalone operation.” In non-standalone operation, a4G core network is used to provide (or at least support) control-planefunctionality (e.g., initial access, mobility, and paging). Althoughonly one AMF/UPF 158 is shown in FIG. 1B, one gNB or ng-eNB may beconnected to multiple AMF/UPF nodes to provide redundancy and/or to loadshare across the multiple AMF/UPF nodes.

As discussed, an interface (e.g., Uu, Xn, and NG interfaces) between thenetwork elements in FIG. 1B may be associated with a protocol stack thatthe network elements use to exchange data and signaling messages. Aprotocol stack may include two planes: a user plane and a control plane.The user plane may handle data of interest to a user, and the controlplane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B respectively illustrate examples of NR user planeand NR control plane protocol stacks for the Uu interface that liesbetween a UE 210 and a gNB 220. The protocol stacks illustrated in FIG.2A and FIG. 2B may be the same or similar to those used for the Uuinterface between, for example, the UE 156A and the gNB 160A shown inFIG. 1B.

FIG. 2A illustrates a NR user plane protocol stack comprising fivelayers implemented in the UE 210 and the gNB 220. At the bottom of theprotocol stack, physical layers (PHYs) 211 and 221 may provide transportservices to the higher layers of the protocol stack and may correspondto layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The nextfour protocols above PHYs 211 and 221 comprise media access controllayers (MACs) 212 and 222, radio link control layers (RLCs) 213 and 223,packet data convergence protocol layers (PDCPs) 214 and 224, and servicedata application protocol layers (SDAPs) 215 and 225. Together, thesefour protocols may make up layer 2, or the data link layer, of the OSImodel.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of services provided between protocollayers of the NR user plane protocol stack. Starting from the top ofFIG. 2A and FIG. 3 , the SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform QoS flowhandling. The UE 210 may receive services through a PDU session, whichmay be a logical connection between the UE 210 and a DN. The PDU sessionmay have one or more QoS flows. A UPF of a CN (e.g., the UPF 158B) maymap IP packets to the one or more QoS flows of the PDU session based onQoS requirements (e.g., in terms of delay, data rate, and/or errorrate). The SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform mapping/de-mapping between theone or more QoS flows and one or more data radio bearers. Themapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers maybe determined by the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220. The SDAP 215 at the UE 210may be informed of the mapping between the QoS flows and the data radiobearers through reflective mapping or control signaling received fromthe gNB 220. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 225 at the gNB 220 maymark the downlink packets with a QoS flow indicator (QFI), which may beobserved by the SDAP 215 at the UE 210 to determine themapping/de-mapping between the QoS flows and the data radio bearers.

The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform header compression/decompression toreduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over the airinterface, ciphering/deciphering to prevent unauthorized decoding ofdata transmitted over the air interface, and integrity protection (toensure control messages originate from intended sources. The PDCPs 214and 224 may perform retransmissions of undelivered packets, in-sequencedelivery and reordering of packets, and removal of packets received induplicate due to, for example, an intra-gNB handover. The PDCPs 214 and224 may perform packet duplication to improve the likelihood of thepacket being received and, at the receiver, remove any duplicatepackets. Packet duplication may be useful for services that require highreliability.

Although not shown in FIG. 3 , PDCPs 214 and 224 may performmapping/de-mapping between a split radio bearer and RLC channels in adual connectivity scenario. Dual connectivity is a technique that allowsa UE to connect to two cells or, more generally, two cell groups: amaster cell group (MCG) and a secondary cell group (SCG). A split beareris when a single radio bearer, such as one of the radio bearers providedby the PDCPs 214 and 224 as a service to the SDAPs 215 and 225, ishandled by cell groups in dual connectivity. The PDCPs 214 and 224 maymap/de-map the split radio bearer between RLC channels belonging to cellgroups.

The RLCs 213 and 223 may perform segmentation, retransmission throughAutomatic Repeat Request (ARQ), and removal of duplicate data unitsreceived from MACs 212 and 222, respectively. The RLCs 213 and 223 maysupport three transmission modes: transparent mode (TM); unacknowledgedmode (UM); and acknowledged mode (AM). Based on the transmission mode anRLC is operating, the RLC may perform one or more of the notedfunctions. The RLC configuration may be per logical channel with nodependency on numerologies and/or Transmission Time Interval (TTI)durations. As shown in FIG. 3 , the RLCs 213 and 223 may provide RLCchannels as a service to PDCPs 214 and 224, respectively.

The MACs 212 and 222 may perform multiplexing/demultiplexing of logicalchannels and/or mapping between logical channels and transport channels.The multiplexing/demultiplexing may include multiplexing/demultiplexingof data units, belonging to the one or more logical channels, into/fromTransport Blocks (TB s) delivered to/from the PHYs 211 and 221. The MAC222 may be configured to perform scheduling, scheduling informationreporting, and priority handling between UEs by means of dynamicscheduling. Scheduling may be performed in the gNB 220 (at the MAC 222)for downlink and uplink. The MACs 212 and 222 may be configured toperform error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)(e.g., one HARQ entity per carrier in case of Carrier Aggregation (CA)),priority handling between logical channels of the UE 210 by means oflogical channel prioritization, and/or padding. The MACs 212 and 222 maysupport one or more numerologies and/or transmission timings. In anexample, mapping restrictions in a logical channel prioritization maycontrol which numerology and/or transmission timing a logical channelmay use. As shown in FIG. 3 , the MACs 212 and 222 may provide logicalchannels as a service to the RLCs 213 and 223.

The PHYs 211 and 221 may perform mapping of transport channels tophysical channels and digital and analog signal processing functions forsending and receiving information over the air interface. These digitaland analog signal processing functions may include, for example,coding/decoding and modulation/demodulation. The PHYs 211 and 221 mayperform multi-antenna mapping. As shown in FIG. 3 , the PHYs 211 and 221may provide one or more transport channels as a service to the MACs 212and 222.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example downlink data flow through the NR userplane protocol stack. FIG. 4A illustrates a downlink data flow of threeIP packets (n, n+1, and m) through the NR user plane protocol stack togenerate two TBs at the gNB 220. An uplink data flow through the NR userplane protocol stack may be similar to the downlink data flow depictedin FIG. 4A.

The downlink data flow of FIG. 4A begins when SDAP 225 receives thethree IP packets from one or more QoS flows and maps the three packetsto radio bearers. In FIG. 4A, the SDAP 225 maps IP packets n and n+1 toa first radio bearer 402 and maps IP packet m to a second radio bearer404. An SDAP header (labeled with an “H” in FIG. 4A) is added to an IPpacket. The data unit from/to a higher protocol layer is referred to asa service data unit (SDU) of the lower protocol layer and the data unitto/from a lower protocol layer is referred to as a protocol data unit(PDU) of the higher protocol layer. As shown in FIG. 4A, the data unitfrom the SDAP 225 is an SDU of lower protocol layer PDCP 224 and is aPDU of the SDAP 225.

The remaining protocol layers in FIG. 4A may perform their associatedfunctionality (e.g., with respect to FIG. 3 ), add correspondingheaders, and forward their respective outputs to the next lower layer.For example, the PDCP 224 may perform IP-header compression andciphering and forward its output to the RLC 223. The RLC 223 mayoptionally perform segmentation (e.g., as shown for IP packet m in FIG.4A) and forward its output to the MAC 222. The MAC 222 may multiplex anumber of RLC PDUs and may attach a MAC subheader to an RLC PDU to forma transport block. In NR, the MAC subheaders may be distributed acrossthe MAC PDU, as illustrated in FIG. 4A. In LTE, the MAC subheaders maybe entirely located at the beginning of the MAC PDU. The NR MAC PDUstructure may reduce processing time and associated latency because theMAC PDU subheaders may be computed before the full MAC PDU is assembled.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU.The MAC subheader includes: an SDU length field for indicating thelength (e.g., in bytes) of the MAC SDU to which the MAC subheadercorresponds; a logical channel identifier (LCID) field for identifyingthe logical channel from which the MAC SDU originated to aid in thedemultiplexing process; a flag (F) for indicating the size of the SDUlength field; and a reserved bit (R) field for future use.

FIG. 4B further illustrates MAC control elements (CEs) inserted into theMAC PDU by a MAC, such as MAC 223 or MAC 222. For example, FIG. 4Billustrates two MAC CEs inserted into the MAC PDU. MAC CEs may beinserted at the beginning of a MAC PDU for downlink transmissions (asshown in FIG. 4B) and at the end of a MAC PDU for uplink transmissions.MAC CEs may be used for in-band control signaling. Example MAC CEsinclude: scheduling-related MAC CEs, such as buffer status reports andpower headroom reports; activation/deactivation MAC CEs, such as thosefor activation/deactivation of PDCP duplication detection, channel stateinformation (CSI) reporting, sounding reference signal (SRS)transmission, and prior configured components; discontinuous reception(DRX) related MAC CEs; timing advance MAC CEs; and random access relatedMAC CEs. A MAC CE may be preceded by a MAC subheader with a similarformat as described for MAC SDUs and may be identified with a reservedvalue in the LCID field that indicates the type of control informationincluded in the MAC CE.

Before describing the NR control plane protocol stack, logical channels,transport channels, and physical channels are first described as well asa mapping between the channel types. One or more of the channels may beused to carry out functions associated with the NR control planeprotocol stack described later below.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate, for downlink and uplink respectively, amapping between logical channels, transport channels, and physicalchannels. Information is passed through channels between the RLC, theMAC, and the PHY of the NR protocol stack. A logical channel may be usedbetween the RLC and the MAC and may be classified as a control channelthat carries control and configuration information in the NR controlplane or as a traffic channel that carries data in the NR user plane. Alogical channel may be classified as a dedicated logical channel that isdedicated to a specific UE or as a common logical channel that may beused by more than one UE. A logical channel may also be defined by thetype of information it carries. The set of logical channels defined byNR include, for example:

-   -   a paging control channel (PCCH) for carrying paging messages        used to page a UE whose location is not known to the network on        a cell level;    -   a broadcast control channel (BCCH) for carrying system        information messages in the form of a master information block        (MIB) and several system information blocks (SIBs), wherein the        system information messages may be used by the UEs to obtain        information about how a cell is configured and how to operate        within the cell;    -   a common control channel (CCCH) for carrying control messages        together with random access;    -   a dedicated control channel (DCCH) for carrying control messages        to/from a specific the UE to configure the UE; and    -   a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) for carrying user data        to/from a specific the UE.

Transport channels are used between the MAC and PHY layers and may bedefined by how the information they carry is transmitted over the airinterface. The set of transport channels defined by NR include, forexample:

-   -   a paging channel (PCH) for carrying paging messages that        originated from the PCCH;    -   a broadcast channel (BCH) for carrying the MIB from the BCCH;    -   a downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) for carrying downlink data        and signaling messages, including the SIBs from the BCCH;    -   an uplink shared channel (UL-SCH) for carrying uplink data and        signaling messages; and    -   a random access channel (RACH) for allowing a UE to contact the        network without any prior scheduling.

The PHY may use physical channels to pass information between processinglevels of the PHY. A physical channel may have an associated set oftime-frequency resources for carrying the information of one or moretransport channels. The PHY may generate control information to supportthe low-level operation of the PHY and provide the control informationto the lower levels of the PHY via physical control channels, known asL1/L2 control channels. The set of physical channels and physicalcontrol channels defined by NR include, for example:

-   -   a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) for carrying the MIB from        the BCH;    -   a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for carrying downlink        data and signaling messages from the DL-SCH, as well as paging        messages from the PCH;    -   a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) for carrying        downlink control information (DCI), which may include downlink        scheduling commands, uplink scheduling grants, and uplink power        control commands;    -   a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for carrying uplink        data and signaling messages from the UL-SCH and in some        instances uplink control information (UCI) as described below;    -   a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) for carrying UCI,        which may include HARQ acknowledgments, channel quality        indicators (CQI), pre-coding matrix indicators (PMI), rank        indicators (RI), and scheduling requests (SR); and    -   a physical random access channel (PRACH) for random access.

Similar to the physical control channels, the physical layer generatesphysical signals to support the low-level operation of the physicallayer. As shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the physical layer signalsdefined by NR include: primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondarysynchronization signals (SSS), channel state information referencesignals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), soundingreference signals (SRS), and phase-tracking reference signals (PT-RS).These physical layer signals will be described in greater detail below.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example NR control plane protocol stack. As shownin FIG. 2B, the NR control plane protocol stack may use the same/similarfirst four protocol layers as the example NR user plane protocol stack.These four protocol layers include the PHYs 211 and 221, the MACs 212and 222, the RLCs 213 and 223, and the PDCPs 214 and 224. Instead ofhaving the SDAPs 215 and 225 at the top of the stack as in the NR userplane protocol stack, the NR control plane stack has radio resourcecontrols (RRCs) 216 and 226 and NAS protocols 217 and 237 at the top ofthe NR control plane protocol stack.

The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionalitybetween the UE 210 and the AMF 230 (e.g., the AMF 158A) or, moregenerally, between the UE 210 and the CN. The NAS protocols 217 and 237may provide control plane functionality between the UE 210 and the AMF230 via signaling messages, referred to as NAS messages. There is nodirect path between the UE 210 and the AMF 230 through which the NASmessages can be transported. The NAS messages may be transported usingthe AS of the Uu and NG interfaces. NAS protocols 217 and 237 mayprovide control plane functionality such as authentication, security,connection setup, mobility management, and session management.

The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionality between theUE 210 and the gNB 220 or, more generally, between the UE 210 and theRAN. The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide control plane functionalitybetween the UE 210 and the gNB 220 via signaling messages, referred toas RRC messages. RRC messages may be transmitted between the UE 210 andthe RAN using signaling radio bearers and the same/similar PDCP, RLC,MAC, and PHY protocol layers. The MAC may multiplex control-plane anduser-plane data into the same transport block (TB). The RRCs 216 and 226may provide control plane functionality such as: broadcast of systeminformation related to AS and NAS; paging initiated by the CN or theRAN; establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection betweenthe UE 210 and the RAN; security functions including key management;establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of signaling radiobearers and data radio bearers; mobility functions; QoS managementfunctions; the UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting;detection of and recovery from radio link failure (RLF); and/or NASmessage transfer. As part of establishing an RRC connection, RRCs 216and 226 may establish an RRC context, which may involve configuringparameters for communication between the UE 210 and the RAN.

FIG. 6 is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a UE. TheUE may be the same or similar to the wireless device 106 depicted inFIG. 1A, the UE 210 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any otherwireless device described in the present disclosure. As illustrated inFIG. 6 , a UE may be in at least one of three RRC states: RRC connected602 (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED), RRC idle 604 (e.g., RRC_IDLE), and RRCinactive 606 (e.g., RRC_INACTIVE).

In RRC connected 602, the UE has an established RRC context and may haveat least one RRC connection with a base station. The base station may besimilar to one of the one or more base stations included in the RAN 104depicted in FIG. 1A, one of the gNBs 160 or ng-eNBs 162 depicted in FIG.1B, the gNB 220 depicted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any other basestation described in the present disclosure. The base station with whichthe UE is connected may have the RRC context for the UE. The RRCcontext, referred to as the UE context, may comprise parameters forcommunication between the UE and the base station. These parameters mayinclude, for example: one or more AS contexts; one or more radio linkconfiguration parameters; bearer configuration information (e.g.,relating to a data radio bearer, signaling radio bearer, logicalchannel, QoS flow, and/or PDU session); security information; and/orPHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, and/or SDAP layer configuration information. Whilein RRC connected 602, mobility of the UE may be managed by the RAN(e.g., the RAN 104 or the NG-RAN 154). The UE may measure the signallevels (e.g., reference signal levels) from a serving cell andneighboring cells and report these measurements to the base stationcurrently serving the UE. The UE's serving base station may request ahandover to a cell of one of the neighboring base stations based on thereported measurements. The RRC state may transition from RRC connected602 to RRC idle 604 through a connection release procedure 608 or to RRCinactive 606 through a connection inactivation procedure 610.

In RRC idle 604, an RRC context may not be established for the UE. InRRC idle 604, the UE may not have an RRC connection with the basestation. While in RRC idle 604, the UE may be in a sleep state for themajority of the time (e.g., to conserve battery power). The UE may wakeup periodically (e.g., once in every discontinuous reception cycle) tomonitor for paging messages from the RAN. Mobility of the UE may bemanaged by the UE through a procedure known as cell reselection. The RRCstate may transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602 through aconnection establishment procedure 612, which may involve a randomaccess procedure as discussed in greater detail below.

In RRC inactive 606, the RRC context previously established ismaintained in the UE and the base station. This allows for a fasttransition to RRC connected 602 with reduced signaling overhead ascompared to the transition from RRC idle 604 to RRC connected 602. Whilein RRC inactive 606, the UE may be in a sleep state and mobility of theUE may be managed by the UE through cell reselection. The RRC state maytransition from RRC inactive 606 to RRC connected 602 through aconnection resume procedure 614 or to RRC idle 604 though a connectionrelease procedure 616 that may be the same as or similar to connectionrelease procedure 608.

An RRC state may be associated with a mobility management mechanism. InRRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606, mobility is managed by the UE throughcell reselection. The purpose of mobility management in RRC idle 604 andRRC inactive 606 is to allow the network to be able to notify the UE ofan event via a paging message without having to broadcast the pagingmessage over the entire mobile communications network. The mobilitymanagement mechanism used in RRC idle 604 and RRC inactive 606 may allowthe network to track the UE on a cell-group level so that the pagingmessage may be broadcast over the cells of the cell group that the UEcurrently resides within instead of the entire mobile communicationnetwork. The mobility management mechanisms for RRC idle 604 and RRCinactive 606 track the UE on a cell-group level. They may do so usingdifferent granularities of grouping. For example, there may be threelevels of cell-grouping granularity: individual cells; cells within aRAN area identified by a RAN area identifier (RAI); and cells within agroup of RAN areas, referred to as a tracking area and identified by atracking area identifier (TAI).

Tracking areas may be used to track the UE at the CN level. The CN(e.g., the CN 102 or the 5G-CN 152) may provide the UE with a list ofTAIs associated with a UE registration area. If the UE moves, throughcell reselection, to a cell associated with a TAI not included in thelist of TAIs associated with the UE registration area, the UE mayperform a registration update with the CN to allow the CN to update theUE's location and provide the UE with a new the UE registration area.

RAN areas may be used to track the UE at the RAN level. For a UE in RRCinactive 606 state, the UE may be assigned a RAN notification area. ARAN notification area may comprise one or more cell identities, a listof RAIs, or a list of TAIs. In an example, a base station may belong toone or more RAN notification areas. In an example, a cell may belong toone or more RAN notification areas. If the UE moves, through cellreselection, to a cell not included in the RAN notification areaassigned to the UE, the UE may perform a notification area update withthe RAN to update the UE's RAN notification area.

A base station storing an RRC context for a UE or a last serving basestation of the UE may be referred to as an anchor base station. Ananchor base station may maintain an RRC context for the UE at leastduring a period of time that the UE stays in a RAN notification area ofthe anchor base station and/or during a period of time that the UE staysin RRC inactive 606.

A gNB, such as gNBs 160 in FIG. 1B, may be split in two parts: a centralunit (gNB-CU), and one or more distributed units (gNB-DU). A gNB-CU maybe coupled to one or more gNB-DUs using an F1 interface. The gNB-CU maycomprise the RRC, the PDCP, and the SDAP. A gNB-DU may comprise the RLC,the MAC, and the PHY.

In NR, the physical signals and physical channels (discussed withrespect to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B) may be mapped onto orthogonal frequencydivisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. OFDM is a multicarriercommunication scheme that transmits data over F orthogonal subcarriers(or tones). Before transmission, the data may be mapped to a series ofcomplex symbols (e.g., M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) orM-phase shift keying (M-PSK) symbols), referred to as source symbols,and divided into F parallel symbol streams. The F parallel symbolstreams may be treated as though they are in the frequency domain andused as inputs to an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block thattransforms them into the time domain. The IFFT block may take in Fsource symbols at a time, one from each of the F parallel symbolstreams, and use each source symbol to modulate the amplitude and phaseof one of F sinusoidal basis functions that correspond to the Forthogonal subcarriers. The output of the IFFT block may be Ftime-domain samples that represent the summation of the F orthogonalsubcarriers. The F time-domain samples may form a single OFDM symbol.After some processing (e.g., addition of a cyclic prefix) andup-conversion, an OFDM symbol provided by the IFFT block may betransmitted over the air interface on a carrier frequency. The Fparallel symbol streams may be mixed using an FFT block before beingprocessed by the IFFT block. This operation produces Discrete FourierTransform (DFT)-precoded OFDM symbols and may be used by UEs in theuplink to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Inverseprocessing may be performed on the OFDM symbol at a receiver using anFFT block to recover the data mapped to the source symbols.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example configuration of an NR frame into whichOFDM symbols are grouped. An NR frame may be identified by a systemframe number (SFN). The SFN may repeat with a period of 1024 frames. Asillustrated, one NR frame may be 10 milliseconds (ms) in duration andmay include 10 subframes that are 1 ms in duration. A subframe may bedivided into slots that include, for example, 14 OFDM symbols per slot.

The duration of a slot may depend on the numerology used for the OFDMsymbols of the slot. In NR, a flexible numerology is supported toaccommodate different cell deployments (e.g., cells with carrierfrequencies below 1 GHz up to cells with carrier frequencies in themm-wave range). A numerology may be defined in terms of subcarrierspacing and cyclic prefix duration. For a numerology in NR, subcarrierspacings may be scaled up by powers of two from a baseline subcarrierspacing of 15 kHz, and cyclic prefix durations may be scaled down bypowers of two from a baseline cyclic prefix duration of 4.7 μs. Forexample, NR defines numerologies with the following subcarrierspacing/cyclic prefix duration combinations: 15 kHz/4.7 μs; 30 kHz/2.3μs; 60 kHz/1.2 μs; 120 kHz/0.59 μs; and 240 kHz/0.29 μs.

A slot may have a fixed number of OFDM symbols (e.g., 14 OFDM symbols).A numerology with a higher subcarrier spacing has a shorter slotduration and, correspondingly, more slots per subframe. FIG. 7illustrates this numerology-dependent slot duration andslots-per-subframe transmission structure (the numerology with asubcarrier spacing of 240 kHz is not shown in FIG. 7 for ease ofillustration). A subframe in NR may be used as a numerology-independenttime reference, while a slot may be used as the unit upon which uplinkand downlink transmissions are scheduled. To support low latency,scheduling in NR may be decoupled from the slot duration and start atany OFDM symbol and last for as many symbols as needed for atransmission. These partial slot transmissions may be referred to asmini-slot or subslot transmissions.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration of a slot in the time andfrequency domain for an NR carrier. The slot includes resource elements(REs) and resource blocks (RBs). An RE is the smallest physical resourcein NR. An RE spans one OFDM symbol in the time domain by one subcarrierin the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8 . An RB spans twelveconsecutive REs in the frequency domain as shown in FIG. 8 . An NRcarrier may be limited to a width of 275 RBs or 275×12=3300 subcarriers.Such a limitation, if used, may limit the NR carrier to 50, 100, 200,and 400 MHz for subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz,respectively, where the 400 MHz bandwidth may be set based on a 400 MHzper carrier bandwidth limit.

FIG. 8 illustrates a single numerology being used across the entirebandwidth of the NR carrier. In other example configurations, multiplenumerologies may be supported on the same carrier.

NR may support wide carrier bandwidths (e.g., up to 400 MHz for asubcarrier spacing of 120 kHz). Not all UEs may be able to receive thefull carrier bandwidth (e.g., due to hardware limitations). Also,receiving the full carrier bandwidth may be prohibitive in terms of UEpower consumption. In an example, to reduce power consumption and/or forother purposes, a UE may adapt the size of the UE's receive bandwidthbased on the amount of traffic the UE is scheduled to receive. This isreferred to as bandwidth adaptation.

NR defines bandwidth parts (BWPs) to support UEs not capable ofreceiving the full carrier bandwidth and to support bandwidthadaptation. In an example, a BWP may be defined by a subset ofcontiguous RBs on a carrier. A UE may be configured (e.g., via RRClayer) with one or more downlink BWPs and one or more uplink BWPs perserving cell (e.g., up to four downlink BWPs and up to four uplink BWPsper serving cell). At a given time, one or more of the configured BWPsfor a serving cell may be active. These one or more BWPs may be referredto as active BWPs of the serving cell. When a serving cell is configuredwith a secondary uplink carrier, the serving cell may have one or morefirst active BWPs in the uplink carrier and one or more second activeBWPs in the secondary uplink carrier.

For unpaired spectra, a downlink BWP from a set of configured downlinkBWPs may be linked with an uplink BWP from a set of configured uplinkBWPs if a downlink BWP index of the downlink BWP and an uplink BWP indexof the uplink BWP are the same. For unpaired spectra, a UE may expectthat a center frequency for a downlink BWP is the same as a centerfrequency for an uplink BWP.

For a downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs on a primarycell (PCell), a base station may configure a UE with one or more controlresource sets (CORESETs) for at least one search space. A search spaceis a set of locations in the time and frequency domains where the UE mayfind control information. The search space may be a UE-specific searchspace or a common search space (potentially usable by a plurality ofUEs). For example, a base station may configure a UE with a commonsearch space, on a PCell or on a primary secondary cell (PSCell), in anactive downlink BWP.

For an uplink BWP in a set of configured uplink BWPs, a BS may configurea UE with one or more resource sets for one or more PUCCH transmissions.A UE may receive downlink receptions (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH) in adownlink BWP according to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrierspacing and cyclic prefix duration) for the downlink BWP. The UE maytransmit uplink transmissions (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH) in an uplink BWPaccording to a configured numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing andcyclic prefix length for the uplink BWP).

One or more BWP indicator fields may be provided in Downlink ControlInformation (DCI). A value of a BWP indicator field may indicate whichBWP in a set of configured BWPs is an active downlink BWP for one ormore downlink receptions. The value of the one or more BWP indicatorfields may indicate an active uplink BWP for one or more uplinktransmissions.

A base station may semi-statically configure a UE with a defaultdownlink BWP within a set of configured downlink BWPs associated with aPCell. If the base station does not provide the default downlink BWP tothe UE, the default downlink BWP may be an initial active downlink BWP.The UE may determine which BWP is the initial active downlink BWP basedon a CORESET configuration obtained using the PBCH.

A base station may configure a UE with a BWP inactivity timer value fora PCell. The UE may start or restart a BWP inactivity timer at anyappropriate time. For example, the UE may start or restart the BWPinactivity timer (a) when the UE detects a DCI indicating an activedownlink BWP other than a default downlink BWP for a paired spectraoperation; or (b) when a UE detects a DCI indicating an active downlinkBWP or active uplink BWP other than a default downlink BWP or uplink BWPfor an unpaired spectra operation. If the UE does not detect DCI duringan interval of time (e.g., 1 ms or 0.5 ms), the UE may run the BWPinactivity timer toward expiration (for example, increment from zero tothe BWP inactivity timer value, or decrement from the BWP inactivitytimer value to zero). When the BWP inactivity timer expires, the UE mayswitch from the active downlink BWP to the default downlink BWP.

In an example, a base station may semi-statically configure a UE withone or more BWPs. A UE may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to asecond BWP in response to receiving a DCI indicating the second BWP asan active BWP and/or in response to an expiry of the BWP inactivitytimer (e.g., if the second BWP is the default BWP).

Downlink and uplink BWP switching (where BWP switching refers toswitching from a currently active BWP to a not currently active BWP) maybe performed independently in paired spectra. In unpaired spectra,downlink and uplink BWP switching may be performed simultaneously.Switching between configured BWPs may occur based on RRC signaling, DCI,expiration of a BWP inactivity timer, and/or an initiation of randomaccess.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of bandwidth adaptation using threeconfigured BWPs for an NR carrier. A UE configured with the three BWPsmay switch from one BWP to another BWP at a switching point. In theexample illustrated in FIG. 9 , the BWPs include: a BWP 902 with abandwidth of 40 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; a BWP 904 with abandwidth of 10 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; and a BWP 906with a bandwidth of 20 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. The BWP902 may be an initial active BWP, and the BWP 904 may be a default BWP.The UE may switch between BWPs at switching points. In the example ofFIG. 9 , the UE may switch from the BWP 902 to the BWP 904 at aswitching point 908. The switching at the switching point 908 may occurfor any suitable reason, for example, in response to an expiry of a BWPinactivity timer (indicating switching to the default BWP) and/or inresponse to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UEmay switch at a switching point 910 from active BWP 904 to BWP 906 inresponse receiving a DCI indicating BWP 906 as the active BWP. The UEmay switch at a switching point 912 from active BWP 906 to BWP 904 inresponse to an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer and/or in responsereceiving a DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The UE may switchat a switching point 914 from active BWP 904 to BWP 902 in responsereceiving a DCI indicating BWP 902 as the active BWP.

If a UE is configured for a secondary cell with a default downlink BWPin a set of configured downlink BWPs and a timer value, UE proceduresfor switching BWPs on a secondary cell may be the same/similar as thoseon a primary cell. For example, the UE may use the timer value and thedefault downlink BWP for the secondary cell in the same/similar manneras the UE would use these values for a primary cell.

To provide for greater data rates, two or more carriers can beaggregated and simultaneously transmitted to/from the same UE usingcarrier aggregation (CA). The aggregated carriers in CA may be referredto as component carriers (CCs). When CA is used, there are a number ofserving cells for the UE, one for a CC. The CCs may have threeconfigurations in the frequency domain.

FIG. 10A illustrates the three CA configurations with two CCs. In theintraband, contiguous configuration 1002, the two CCs are aggregated inthe same frequency band (frequency band A) and are located directlyadjacent to each other within the frequency band. In the intraband,non-contiguous configuration 1004, the two CCs are aggregated in thesame frequency band (frequency band A) and are separated in thefrequency band by a gap. In the interband configuration 1006, the twoCCs are located in frequency bands (frequency band A and frequency bandB).

In an example, up to 32 CCs may be aggregated. The aggregated CCs mayhave the same or different bandwidths, subcarrier spacing, and/orduplexing schemes (TDD or FDD). A serving cell for a UE using CA mayhave a downlink CC. For FDD, one or more uplink CCs may be optionallyconfigured for a serving cell. The ability to aggregate more downlinkcarriers than uplink carriers may be useful, for example, when the UEhas more data traffic in the downlink than in the uplink.

When CA is used, one of the aggregated cells for a UE may be referred toas a primary cell (PCell). The PCell may be the serving cell that the UEinitially connects to at RRC connection establishment, reestablishment,and/or handover. The PCell may provide the UE with NAS mobilityinformation and the security input. UEs may have different PCells. Inthe downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred toas the downlink primary CC (DL PCC). In the uplink, the carriercorresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the uplink primary CC(UL PCC). The other aggregated cells for the UE may be referred to assecondary cells (SCells). In an example, the SCells may be configuredafter the PCell is configured for the UE. For example, an SCell may beconfigured through an RRC Connection Reconfiguration procedure. In thedownlink, the carrier corresponding to an SCell may be referred to as adownlink secondary CC (DL SCC). In the uplink, the carrier correspondingto the SCell may be referred to as the uplink secondary CC (UL SCC).

Configured SCells for a UE may be activated and deactivated based on,for example, traffic and channel conditions. Deactivation of an SCellmay mean that PDCCH and PDSCH reception on the SCell is stopped andPUSCH, SRS, and CQI transmissions on the SCell are stopped. ConfiguredSCells may be activated and deactivated using a MAC CE with respect toFIG. 4B. For example, a MAC CE may use a bitmap (e.g., one bit perSCell) to indicate which SCells (e.g., in a subset of configured SCells)for the UE are activated or deactivated. Configured SCells may bedeactivated in response to an expiration of an SCell deactivation timer(e.g., one SCell deactivation timer per SCell).

Downlink control information, such as scheduling assignments andscheduling grants, for a cell may be transmitted on the cellcorresponding to the assignments and grants, which is known asself-scheduling. The DCI for the cell may be transmitted on anothercell, which is known as cross-carrier scheduling. Uplink controlinformation (e.g., HARQ acknowledgments and channel state feedback, suchas CQI, PMI, and/or RI) for aggregated cells may be transmitted on thePUCCH of the PCell. For a larger number of aggregated downlink CCs, thePUCCH of the PCell may become overloaded. Cells may be divided intomultiple PUCCH groups.

FIG. 10B illustrates an example of how aggregated cells may beconfigured into one or more PUCCH groups. A PUCCH group 1010 and a PUCCHgroup 1050 may include one or more downlink CCs, respectively. In theexample of FIG. 10B, the PUCCH group 1010 includes three downlink CCs: aPCell 1011, an SCell 1012, and an SCell 1013. The PUCCH group 1050includes three downlink CCs in the present example: a PCell 1051, anSCell 1052, and an SCell 1053. One or more uplink CCs may be configuredas a PCell 1021, an SCell 1022, and an SCell 1023. One or more otheruplink CCs may be configured as a primary Scell (PSCell) 1061, an SCell1062, and an SCell 1063. Uplink control information (UCI) related to thedownlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1010, shown as UCI 1031, UCI 1032, andUCI 1033, may be transmitted in the uplink of the PCell 1021. Uplinkcontrol information (UCI) related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group1050, shown as UCI 1071, UCI 1072, and UCI 1073, may be transmitted inthe uplink of the PSCell 1061. In an example, if the aggregated cellsdepicted in FIG. 10B were not divided into the PUCCH group 1010 and thePUCCH group 1050, a single uplink PCell to transmit UCI relating to thedownlink CCs, and the PCell may become overloaded. By dividingtransmissions of UCI between the PCell 1021 and the PSCell 1061,overloading may be prevented.

A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier,may be assigned with a physical cell ID and a cell index. The physicalcell ID or the cell index may identify a downlink carrier and/or anuplink carrier of the cell, for example, depending on the context inwhich the physical cell ID is used. A physical cell ID may be determinedusing a synchronization signal transmitted on a downlink componentcarrier. A cell index may be determined using RRC messages. In thedisclosure, a physical cell ID may be referred to as a carrier ID, and acell index may be referred to as a carrier index. For example, when thedisclosure refers to a first physical cell ID for a first downlinkcarrier, the disclosure may mean the first physical cell ID is for acell comprising the first downlink carrier. The same/similar concept mayapply to, for example, a carrier activation. When the disclosureindicates that a first carrier is activated, the specification may meanthat a cell comprising the first carrier is activated.

In CA, a multi-carrier nature of a PHY may be exposed to a MAC. In anexample, a HARQ entity may operate on a serving cell. A transport blockmay be generated per assignment/grant per serving cell. A transportblock and potential HARQ retransmissions of the transport block may bemapped to a serving cell.

In the downlink, a base station may transmit (e.g., unicast, multicast,and/or broadcast) one or more Reference Signals (RSs) to a UE (e.g.,PSS, SSS, CSI-RS, DMRS, and/or PT-RS, as shown in FIG. 5A). In theuplink, the UE may transmit one or more RSs to the base station (e.g.,DMRS, PT-RS, and/or SRS, as shown in FIG. 5B). The PSS and the SSS maybe transmitted by the base station and used by the UE to synchronize theUE to the base station. The PSS and the SSS may be provided in asynchronization signal (SS)/physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block thatincludes the PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH. The base station mayperiodically transmit a burst of SS/PBCH blocks.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example of an SS/PBCH block's structure andlocation. A burst of SS/PBCH blocks may include one or more SS/PBCHblocks (e.g., 4 SS/PBCH blocks, as shown in FIG. 11A). Bursts may betransmitted periodically (e.g., every 2 frames or 20 ms). A burst may berestricted to a half-frame (e.g., a first half-frame having a durationof 5 ms). It will be understood that FIG. 11A is an example, and thatthese parameters (number of SS/PBCH blocks per burst, periodicity ofbursts, position of burst within the frame) may be configured based on,for example: a carrier frequency of a cell in which the SS/PBCH block istransmitted; a numerology or subcarrier spacing of the cell; aconfiguration by the network (e.g., using RRC signaling); or any othersuitable factor. In an example, the UE may assume a subcarrier spacingfor the SS/PBCH block based on the carrier frequency being monitored,unless the radio network configured the UE to assume a differentsubcarrier spacing.

The SS/PBCH block may span one or more OFDM symbols in the time domain(e.g., 4 OFDM symbols, as shown in the example of FIG. 11A) and may spanone or more subcarriers in the frequency domain (e.g., 240 contiguoussubcarriers). The PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH may have a common centerfrequency. The PSS may be transmitted first and may span, for example, 1OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The SSS may be transmitted after thePSS (e.g., two symbols later) and may span 1 OFDM symbol and 127subcarriers. The PBCH may be transmitted after the PSS (e.g., across thenext 3 OFDM symbols) and may span 240 subcarriers.

The location of the SS/PBCH block in the time and frequency domains maynot be known to the UE (e.g., if the UE is searching for the cell). Tofind and select the cell, the UE may monitor a carrier for the PSS. Forexample, the UE may monitor a frequency location within the carrier. Ifthe PSS is not found after a certain duration (e.g., 20 ms), the UE maysearch for the PSS at a different frequency location within the carrier,as indicated by a synchronization raster. If the PSS is found at alocation in the time and frequency domains, the UE may determine, basedon a known structure of the SS/PBCH block, the locations of the SSS andthe PBCH, respectively. The SS/PBCH block may be a cell-defining SSblock (CD-SSB). In an example, a primary cell may be associated with aCD-SSB. The CD-SSB may be located on a synchronization raster. In anexample, a cell selection/search and/or reselection may be based on theCD-SSB.

The SS/PBCH block may be used by the UE to determine one or moreparameters of the cell. For example, the UE may determine a physicalcell identifier (PCI) of the cell based on the sequences of the PSS andthe SSS, respectively. The UE may determine a location of a frameboundary of the cell based on the location of the SS/PBCH block. Forexample, the SS/PBCH block may indicate that it has been transmitted inaccordance with a transmission pattern, wherein a SS/PBCH block in thetransmission pattern is a known distance from the frame boundary.

The PBCH may use a QPSK modulation and may use forward error correction(FEC). The FEC may use polar coding. One or more symbols spanned by thePBCH may carry one or more DMRSs for demodulation of the PBCH. The PBCHmay include an indication of a current system frame number (SFN) of thecell and/or a SS/PBCH block timing index. These parameters mayfacilitate time synchronization of the UE to the base station. The PBCHmay include a master information block (MIB) used to provide the UE withone or more parameters. The MIB may be used by the UE to locateremaining minimum system information (RMSI) associated with the cell.The RMSI may include a System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1). The SIB1may contain information needed by the UE to access the cell. The UE mayuse one or more parameters of the MIB to monitor PDCCH, which may beused to schedule PDSCH. The PDSCH may include the SIB1. The SIB1 may bedecoded using parameters provided in the MIB. The PBCH may indicate anabsence of SIB1. Based on the PBCH indicating the absence of SIB1, theUE may be pointed to a frequency. The UE may search for an SS/PBCH blockat the frequency to which the UE is pointed.

The UE may assume that one or more SS/PBCH blocks transmitted with asame SS/PBCH block index are quasi co-located (QCLed) (e.g., having thesame/similar Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay,and/or spatial Rx parameters). The UE may not assume QCL for SS/PBCHblock transmissions having different SS/PBCH block indices.

SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., those within a half-frame) may be transmitted inspatial directions (e.g., using different beams that span a coveragearea of the cell). In an example, a first SS/PBCH block may betransmitted in a first spatial direction using a first beam, and asecond SS/PBCH block may be transmitted in a second spatial directionusing a second beam.

In an example, within a frequency span of a carrier, a base station maytransmit a plurality of SS/PBCH blocks. In an example, a first PCI of afirst SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCH blocks may be differentfrom a second PCI of a second SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCHblocks. The PCIs of SS/PBCH blocks transmitted in different frequencylocations may be different or the same.

The CSI-RS may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE toacquire channel state information (CSI). The base station may configurethe UE with one or more CSI-RSs for channel estimation or any othersuitable purpose. The base station may configure a UE with one or moreof the same/similar CSI-RSs. The UE may measure the one or more CSI-RSs.The UE may estimate a downlink channel state and/or generate a CSIreport based on the measuring of the one or more downlink CSI-RSs. TheUE may provide the CSI report to the base station. The base station mayuse feedback provided by the UE (e.g., the estimated downlink channelstate) to perform link adaptation.

The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or moreCSI-RS resource sets. A CSI-RS resource may be associated with alocation in the time and frequency domains and a periodicity. The basestation may selectively activate and/or deactivate a CSI-RS resource.The base station may indicate to the UE that a CSI-RS resource in theCSI-RS resource set is activated and/or deactivated.

The base station may configure the UE to report CSI measurements. Thebase station may configure the UE to provide CSI reports periodically,aperiodically, or semi-persistently. For periodic CSI reporting, the UEmay be configured with a timing and/or periodicity of a plurality of CSIreports. For aperiodic CSI reporting, the base station may request a CSIreport. For example, the base station may command the UE to measure aconfigured CSI-RS resource and provide a CSI report relating to themeasurements. For semi-persistent CSI reporting, the base station mayconfigure the UE to transmit periodically, and selectively activate ordeactivate the periodic reporting. The base station may configure the UEwith a CSI-RS resource set and CSI reports using RRC signaling.

The CSI-RS configuration may comprise one or more parameters indicating,for example, up to 32 antenna ports. The UE may be configured to employthe same OFDM symbols for a downlink CSI-RS and a control resource set(CORESET) when the downlink CSI-RS and CORESET are spatially QCLed andresource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of thephysical resource blocks (PRBs) configured for the CORESET. The UE maybe configured to employ the same OFDM symbols for downlink CSI-RS andSS/PBCH blocks when the downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks are spatiallyQCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS areoutside of PRBs configured for the SS/PBCH blocks.

Downlink DMRSs may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE forchannel estimation. For example, the downlink DMRS may be used forcoherent demodulation of one or more downlink physical channels (e.g.,PDSCH). An NR network may support one or more variable and/orconfigurable DMRS patterns for data demodulation. At least one downlinkDMRS configuration may support a front-loaded DMRS pattern. Afront-loaded DMRS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., oneor two adjacent OFDM symbols). A base station may semi-staticallyconfigure the UE with a number (e.g. a maximum number) of front-loadedDMRS symbols for PDSCH. A DMRS configuration may support one or moreDMRS ports. For example, for single user-MIMO, a DMRS configuration maysupport up to eight orthogonal downlink DMRS ports per UE. Formultiuser-MIMO, a DMRS configuration may support up to 4 orthogonaldownlink DMRS ports per UE. A radio network may support (e.g., at leastfor CP-OFDM) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink, wherein aDMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence may be thesame or different. The base station may transmit a downlink DMRS and acorresponding PDSCH using the same precoding matrix. The UE may use theone or more downlink DMRSs for coherent demodulation/channel estimationof the PDSCH.

In an example, a transmitter (e.g., a base station) may use a precodermatrices for a part of a transmission bandwidth. For example, thetransmitter may use a first precoder matrix for a first bandwidth and asecond precoder matrix for a second bandwidth. The first precoder matrixand the second precoder matrix may be different based on the firstbandwidth being different from the second bandwidth. The UE may assumethat a same precoding matrix is used across a set of PRBs. The set ofPRBs may be denoted as a precoding resource block group (PRG).

A PDSCH may comprise one or more layers. The UE may assume that at leastone symbol with DMRS is present on a layer of the one or more layers ofthe PDSCH. A higher layer may configure up to 3 DMRSs for the PDSCH.

Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted by a base station and used by a UE forphase-noise compensation. Whether a downlink PT-RS is present or not maydepend on an RRC configuration. The presence and/or pattern of thedownlink PT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis using acombination of RRC signaling and/or an association with one or moreparameters employed for other purposes (e.g., modulation and codingscheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamicpresence of a downlink PT-RS may be associated with one or more DCIparameters comprising at least MCS. An NR network may support aplurality of PT-RS densities defined in the time and/or frequencydomains. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated withat least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The UE may assume asame precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS portsmay be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in a scheduled resource.Downlink PT-RS may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency durationfor the UE. Downlink PT-RS may be transmitted on symbols to facilitatephase tracking at the receiver.

The UE may transmit an uplink DMRS to a base station for channelestimation. For example, the base station may use the uplink DMRS forcoherent demodulation of one or more uplink physical channels. Forexample, the UE may transmit an uplink DMRS with a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH.The uplink DM-RS may span a range of frequencies that is similar to arange of frequencies associated with the corresponding physical channel.The base station may configure the UE with one or more uplink DMRSconfigurations. At least one DMRS configuration may support afront-loaded DMRS pattern. The front-loaded DMRS may be mapped over oneor more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). One ormore uplink DMRSs may be configured to transmit at one or more symbolsof a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The base station may semi-staticallyconfigure the UE with a number (e.g. maximum number) of front-loadedDMRS symbols for the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH, which the UE may use toschedule a single-symbol DMRS and/or a double-symbol DMRS. An NR networkmay support (e.g., for cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (CP-OFDM)) a common DMRS structure for downlink and uplink,wherein a DMRS location, a DMRS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequencefor the DMRS may be the same or different.

A PUSCH may comprise one or more layers, and the UE may transmit atleast one symbol with DMRS present on a layer of the one or more layersof the PUSCH. In an example, a higher layer may configure up to threeDMRSs for the PUSCH.

Uplink PT-RS (which may be used by a base station for phase trackingand/or phase-noise compensation) may or may not be present depending onan RRC configuration of the UE. The presence and/or pattern of uplinkPT-RS may be configured on a UE-specific basis by a combination of RRCsignaling and/or one or more parameters employed for other purposes(e.g., Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated byDCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of uplink PT-RS may beassociated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. Aradio network may support a plurality of uplink PT-RS densities definedin time/frequency domain. When present, a frequency domain density maybe associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth.The UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. Anumber of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DMRS ports in ascheduled resource. For example, uplink PT-RS may be confined in thescheduled time/frequency duration for the UE.

SRS may be transmitted by a UE to a base station for channel stateestimation to support uplink channel dependent scheduling and/or linkadaptation. SRS transmitted by the UE may allow a base station toestimate an uplink channel state at one or more frequencies. A schedulerat the base station may employ the estimated uplink channel state toassign one or more resource blocks for an uplink PUSCH transmission fromthe UE. The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with oneor more SRS resource sets. For an SRS resource set, the base station mayconfigure the UE with one or more SRS resources. An SRS resource setapplicability may be configured by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter.For example, when a higher layer parameter indicates beam management, anSRS resource in a SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets(e.g., with the same/similar time domain behavior, periodic, aperiodic,and/or the like) may be transmitted at a time instant (e.g.,simultaneously). The UE may transmit one or more SRS resources in SRSresource sets. An NR network may support aperiodic, periodic and/orsemi-persistent SRS transmissions. The UE may transmit SRS resourcesbased on one or more trigger types, wherein the one or more triggertypes may comprise higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC) and/or one or moreDCI formats. In an example, at least one DCI format may be employed forthe UE to select at least one of one or more configured SRS resourcesets. An SRS trigger type 0 may refer to an SRS triggered based on ahigher layer signaling. An SRS trigger type 1 may refer to an SRStriggered based on one or more DCI formats. In an example, when PUSCHand SRS are transmitted in a same slot, the UE may be configured totransmit SRS after a transmission of a PUSCH and a corresponding uplinkDMRS.

The base station may semi-statically configure the UE with one or moreSRS configuration parameters indicating at least one of following: a SRSresource configuration identifier; a number of SRS ports; time domainbehavior of an SRS resource configuration (e.g., an indication ofperiodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic SRS); slot, mini-slot, and/orsubframe level periodicity; offset for a periodic and/or an aperiodicSRS resource; a number of OFDM symbols in an SRS resource; a startingOFDM symbol of an SRS resource; an SRS bandwidth; a frequency hoppingbandwidth; a cyclic shift; and/or an SRS sequence ID.

An antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol onthe antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over whichanother symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. If a first symboland a second symbol are transmitted on the same antenna port, thereceiver may infer the channel (e.g., fading gain, multipath delay,and/or the like) for conveying the second symbol on the antenna port,from the channel for conveying the first symbol on the antenna port. Afirst antenna port and a second antenna port may be referred to as quasico-located (QCLed) if one or more large-scale properties of the channelover which a first symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed may beinferred from the channel over which a second symbol on a second antennaport is conveyed. The one or more large-scale properties may comprise atleast one of: a delay spread; a Doppler spread; a Doppler shift; anaverage gain; an average delay; and/or spatial Receiving (Rx)parameters.

Channels that use beamforming require beam management. Beam managementmay comprise beam measurement, beam selection, and beam indication. Abeam may be associated with one or more reference signals. For example,a beam may be identified by one or more beamformed reference signals.The UE may perform downlink beam measurement based on downlink referencesignals (e.g., a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS))and generate a beam measurement report. The UE may perform the downlinkbeam measurement procedure after an RRC connection is set up with a basestation.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example of channel state information referencesignals (CSI-RSs) that are mapped in the time and frequency domains. Asquare shown in FIG. 11B may span a resource block (RB) within abandwidth of a cell. A base station may transmit one or more RRCmessages comprising CSI-RS resource configuration parameters indicatingone or more CSI-RSs. One or more of the following parameters may beconfigured by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC and/or MAC signaling)for a CSI-RS resource configuration: a CSI-RS resource configurationidentity, a number of CSI-RS ports, a CSI-RS configuration (e.g., symboland resource element (RE) locations in a subframe), a CSI-RS subframeconfiguration (e.g., subframe location, offset, and periodicity in aradio frame), a CSI-RS power parameter, a CSI-RS sequence parameter, acode division multiplexing (CDM) type parameter, a frequency density, atransmission comb, quasi co-location (QCL) parameters (e.g.,QCL-scramblingidentity, crs-portscount, mbsfn-subframeconfiglist,csi-rs-configZPid, qcl-csi-rs-configNZPid), and/or other radio resourceparameters.

The three beams illustrated in FIG. 11B may be configured for a UE in aUE-specific configuration. Three beams are illustrated in FIG. 11B (beam#1, beam #2, and beam #3), more or fewer beams may be configured. Beam#1 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1101 that may be transmitted in one ormore subcarriers in an RB of a first symbol. Beam #2 may be allocatedwith CSI-RS 1102 that may be transmitted in one or more subcarriers inan RB of a second symbol. Beam #3 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1103 thatmay be transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a thirdsymbol. By using frequency division multiplexing (FDM), a base stationmay use other subcarriers in a same RB (for example, those that are notused to transmit CSI-RS 1101) to transmit another CSI-RS associated witha beam for another UE. By using time domain multiplexing (TDM), beamsused for the UE may be configured such that beams for the UE use symbolsfrom beams of other UEs.

CSI-RSs such as those illustrated in FIG. 11B (e.g., CSI-RS 1101, 1102,1103) may be transmitted by the base station and used by the UE for oneor more measurements. For example, the UE may measure a reference signalreceived power (RSRP) of configured CSI-RS resources. The base stationmay configure the UE with a reporting configuration and the UE mayreport the RSRP measurements to a network (for example, via one or morebase stations) based on the reporting configuration. In an example, thebase station may determine, based on the reported measurement results,one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) statescomprising a number of reference signals. In an example, the basestation may indicate one or more TCI states to the UE (e.g., via RRCsignaling, a MAC CE, and/or a DCI). The UE may receive a downlinktransmission with a receive (Rx) beam determined based on the one ormore TCI states. In an example, the UE may or may not have a capabilityof beam correspondence. If the UE has the capability of beamcorrespondence, the UE may determine a spatial domain filter of atransmit (Tx) beam based on a spatial domain filter of the correspondingRx beam. If the UE does not have the capability of beam correspondence,the UE may perform an uplink beam selection procedure to determine thespatial domain filter of the Tx beam. The UE may perform the uplink beamselection procedure based on one or more sounding reference signal (SRS)resources configured to the UE by the base station. The base station mayselect and indicate uplink beams for the UE based on measurements of theone or more SRS resources transmitted by the UE.

In a beam management procedure, a UE may assess (e.g., measure) achannel quality of one or more beam pair links, a beam pair linkcomprising a transmitting beam transmitted by a base station and areceiving beam received by the UE. Based on the assessment, the UE maytransmit a beam measurement report indicating one or more beam pairquality parameters comprising, e.g., one or more beam identifications(e.g., a beam index, a reference signal index, or the like), RSRP, aprecoding matrix indicator (PMI), a channel quality indicator (CQI),and/or a rank indicator (RI).

FIG. 12A illustrates examples of three downlink beam managementprocedures: P1, P2, and P3. Procedure P1 may enable a UE measurement ontransmit (Tx) beams of a transmission reception point (TRP) (or multipleTRPs), e.g., to support a selection of one or more base station Tx beamsand/or UE Rx beams (shown as ovals in the top row and bottom row,respectively, of P1). Beamforming at a TRP may comprise a Tx beam sweepfor a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of P1 and P2, as ovalsrotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow).Beamforming at a UE may comprise an Rx beam sweep for a set of beams(shown, in the bottom rows of P1 and P3, as ovals rotated in a clockwisedirection indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure P2 may be used toenable a UE measurement on Tx beams of a TRP (shown, in the top row ofP2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by thedashed arrow). The UE and/or the base station may perform procedure P2using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1, or usingnarrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may be referredto as beam refinement. The UE may perform procedure P3 for Rx beamdetermination by using the same Tx beam at the base station and sweepingan Rx beam at the UE.

FIG. 12B illustrates examples of three uplink beam managementprocedures: U1, U2, and U3. Procedure U1 may be used to enable a basestation to perform a measurement on Tx beams of a UE, e.g., to support aselection of one or more UE Tx beams and/or base station Rx beams (shownas ovals in the top row and bottom row, respectively, of U1).Beamforming at the UE may include, e.g., a Tx beam sweep from a set ofbeams (shown in the bottom rows of U1 and U3 as ovals rotated in aclockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Beamforming at thebase station may include, e.g., an Rx beam sweep from a set of beams(shown, in the top rows of U1 and U2, as ovals rotated in acounter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). Procedure U2may be used to enable the base station to adjust its Rx beam when the UEuses a fixed Tx beam. The UE and/or the base station may performprocedure U2 using a smaller set of beams than is used in procedure P1,or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. This may bereferred to as beam refinement The UE may perform procedure U3 to adjustits Tx beam when the base station uses a fixed Rx beam.

A UE may initiate a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure based ondetecting a beam failure. The UE may transmit a BFR request (e.g., apreamble, a UCI, an SR, a MAC CE, and/or the like) based on theinitiating of the BFR procedure. The UE may detect the beam failurebased on a determination that a quality of beam pair link(s) of anassociated control channel is unsatisfactory (e.g., having an error ratehigher than an error rate threshold, a received signal power lower thana received signal power threshold, an expiration of a timer, and/or thelike).

The UE may measure a quality of a beam pair link using one or morereference signals (RSs) comprising one or more SS/PBCH blocks, one ormore CSI-RS resources, and/or one or more demodulation reference signals(DMRSs). A quality of the beam pair link may be based on one or more ofa block error rate (BLER), an RSRP value, a signal to interference plusnoise ratio (SINR) value, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ)value, and/or a CSI value measured on RS resources. The base station mayindicate that an RS resource is quasi co-located (QCLed) with one ormore DM-RSs of a channel (e.g., a control channel, a shared datachannel, and/or the like). The RS resource and the one or more DMRSs ofthe channel may be QCLed when the channel characteristics (e.g., Dopplershift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, spatial Rxparameter, fading, and/or the like) from a transmission via the RSresource to the UE are similar or the same as the channelcharacteristics from a transmission via the channel to the UE.

A network (e.g., a gNB and/or an ng-eNB of a network) and/or the UE mayinitiate a random access procedure. A UE in an RRC_IDLE state and/or anRRC_INACTIVE state may initiate the random access procedure to request aconnection setup to a network. The UE may initiate the random accessprocedure from an RRC_CONNECTED state. The UE may initiate the randomaccess procedure to request uplink resources (e.g., for uplinktransmission of an SR when there is no PUCCH resource available) and/oracquire uplink timing (e.g., when uplink synchronization status isnon-synchronized). The UE may initiate the random access procedure torequest one or more system information blocks (SIBs) (e.g., other systeminformation such as SIB2, SIB3, and/or the like). The UE may initiatethe random access procedure for a beam failure recovery request. Anetwork may initiate a random access procedure for a handover and/or forestablishing time alignment for an SCell addition.

FIG. 13A illustrates a four-step contention-based random accessprocedure. Prior to initiation of the procedure, a base station maytransmit a configuration message 1310 to the UE. The procedureillustrated in FIG. 13A comprises transmission of four messages: a Msg 11311, a Msg 2 1312, a Msg 3 1313, and a Msg 4 1314. The Msg 1 1311 mayinclude and/or be referred to as a preamble (or a random accesspreamble). The Msg 2 1312 may include and/or be referred to as a randomaccess response (RAR).

The configuration message 1310 may be transmitted, for example, usingone or more RRC messages. The one or more RRC messages may indicate oneor more random access channel (RACH) parameters to the UE. The one ormore RACH parameters may comprise at least one of following: generalparameters for one or more random access procedures (e.g.,RACH-configGeneral); cell-specific parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigCommon);and/or dedicated parameters (e.g., RACH-configDedicated). The basestation may broadcast or multicast the one or more RRC messages to oneor more UEs. The one or more RRC messages may be UE-specific (e.g.,dedicated RRC messages transmitted to a UE in an RRC_CONNECTED stateand/or in an RRC_INACTIVE state). The UE may determine, based on the oneor more RACH parameters, a time-frequency resource and/or an uplinktransmit power for transmission of the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313.Based on the one or more RACH parameters, the UE may determine areception timing and a downlink channel for receiving the Msg 2 1312 andthe Msg 4 1314.

The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message1310 may indicate one or more Physical RACH (PRACH) occasions availablefor transmission of the Msg 1 1311. The one or more PRACH occasions maybe predefined. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or moreavailable sets of one or more PRACH occasions (e.g., prach-ConfigIndex).The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a)one or more PRACH occasions and (b) one or more reference signals. Theone or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) oneor more preambles and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or morereference signals may be SS/PBCH blocks and/or CSI-RSs. For example, theone or more RACH parameters may indicate a number of SS/PBCH blocksmapped to a PRACH occasion and/or a number of preambles mapped to aSS/PBCH blocks.

The one or more RACH parameters provided in the configuration message1310 may be used to determine an uplink transmit power of Msg 1 1311and/or Msg 3 1313. For example, the one or more RACH parameters mayindicate a reference power for a preamble transmission (e.g., a receivedtarget power and/or an initial power of the preamble transmission).There may be one or more power offsets indicated by the one or more RACHparameters. For example, the one or more RACH parameters may indicate: apower ramping step; a power offset between SSB and CSI-RS; a poweroffset between transmissions of the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313;and/or a power offset value between preamble groups. The one or moreRACH parameters may indicate one or more thresholds based on which theUE may determine at least one reference signal (e.g., an SSB and/orCSI-RS) and/or an uplink carrier (e.g., a normal uplink (NUL) carrierand/or a supplemental uplink (SUL) carrier).

The Msg 1 1311 may include one or more preamble transmissions (e.g., apreamble transmission and one or more preamble retransmissions). An RRCmessage may be used to configure one or more preamble groups (e.g.,group A and/or group B). A preamble group may comprise one or morepreambles. The UE may determine the preamble group based on a pathlossmeasurement and/or a size of the Msg 3 1313. The UE may measure an RSRPof one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) anddetermine at least one reference signal having an RSRP above an RSRPthreshold (e.g., rsrp-ThresholdSSB and/or rsrp-ThresholdCSI-RS). The UEmay select at least one preamble associated with the one or morereference signals and/or a selected preamble group, for example, if theassociation between the one or more preambles and the at least onereference signal is configured by an RRC message.

The UE may determine the preamble based on the one or more RACHparameters provided in the configuration message 1310. For example, theUE may determine the preamble based on a pathloss measurement, an RSRPmeasurement, and/or a size of the Msg 3 1313. As another example, theone or more RACH parameters may indicate: a preamble format; a maximumnumber of preamble transmissions; and/or one or more thresholds fordetermining one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and group B). Abase station may use the one or more RACH parameters to configure the UEwith an association between one or more preambles and one or morereference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs). If the association isconfigured, the UE may determine the preamble to include in Msg 1 1311based on the association. The Msg 1 1311 may be transmitted to the basestation via one or more PRACH occasions. The UE may use one or morereference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) for selection of thepreamble and for determining of the PRACH occasion. One or more RACHparameters (e.g., ra-ssb-OccasionMskIndex and/or ra-OccasionList) mayindicate an association between the PRACH occasions and the one or morereference signals.

The UE may perform a preamble retransmission if no response is receivedfollowing a preamble transmission. The UE may increase an uplinktransmit power for the preamble retransmission. The UE may select aninitial preamble transmit power based on a pathloss measurement and/or atarget received preamble power configured by the network. The UE maydetermine to retransmit a preamble and may ramp up the uplink transmitpower. The UE may receive one or more RACH parameters (e.g.,PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) indicating a ramping step for the preambleretransmission. The ramping step may be an amount of incrementalincrease in uplink transmit power for a retransmission. The UE may rampup the uplink transmit power if the UE determines a reference signal(e.g., SSB and/or CSI-RS) that is the same as a previous preambletransmission. The UE may count a number of preamble transmissions and/orretransmissions (e.g., PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER). The UE maydetermine that a random access procedure completed unsuccessfully, forexample, if the number of preamble transmissions exceeds a thresholdconfigured by the one or more RACH parameters (e.g., preambleTransMax).

The Msg 2 1312 received by the UE may include an RAR. In some scenarios,the Msg 2 1312 may include multiple RARs corresponding to multiple UEs.The Msg 2 1312 may be received after or in response to the transmittingof the Msg 1 1311. The Msg 2 1312 may be scheduled on the DL-SCH andindicated on a PDCCH using a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI). The Msg 21312 may indicate that the Msg 1 1311 was received by the base station.The Msg 2 1312 may include a time-alignment command that may be used bythe UE to adjust the UE's transmission timing, a scheduling grant fortransmission of the Msg 3 1313, and/or a Temporary Cell RNTI (TC-RNTI).After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g.,ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the Msg 2 1312. The UE maydetermine when to start the time window based on a PRACH occasion thatthe UE uses to transmit the preamble. For example, the UE may start thetime window one or more symbols after a last symbol of the preamble(e.g., at a first PDCCH occasion from an end of a preambletransmission). The one or more symbols may be determined based on anumerology. The PDCCH may be in a common search space (e.g., aType1-PDCCH common search space) configured by an RRC message. The UEmay identify the RAR based on a Radio Network Temporary Identifier(RNTI). RNTIs may be used depending on one or more events initiating therandom access procedure. The UE may use random access RNTI (RA-RNTI).The RA-RNTI may be associated with PRACH occasions in which the UEtransmits a preamble. For example, the UE may determine the RA-RNTIbased on: an OFDM symbol index; a slot index; a frequency domain index;and/or a UL carrier indicator of the PRACH occasions. An example ofRA-RNTI may be as follows:

RA-RNTI=1+s_id+14×t_id+14×80×f_id+14×80×8×ul_carrier_id

-   -   where s_id may be an index of a first OFDM symbol of the PRACH        occasion (e.g., 0≤s_id<14), t_id may be an index of a first slot        of the PRACH occasion in a system frame (e.g., 0≤t_id<80), f_id        may be an index of the PRACH occasion in the frequency domain        (e.g., 0≤f_id<8), and ul_carrier_id may be a UL carrier used for        a preamble transmission (e.g., 0 for an NUL carrier, and 1 for        an SUL carrier).

The UE may transmit the Msg 3 1313 in response to a successful receptionof the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., using resources identified in the Msg 2 1312).The Msg 3 1313 may be used for contention resolution in, for example,the contention-based random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13A. Insome scenarios, a plurality of UEs may transmit a same preamble to abase station and the base station may provide an RAR that corresponds toa UE. Collisions may occur if the plurality of UEs interpret the RAR ascorresponding to themselves. Contention resolution (e.g., using the Msg3 1313 and the Msg 4 1314) may be used to increase the likelihood thatthe UE does not incorrectly use an identity of another the UE. Toperform contention resolution, the UE may include a device identifier inthe Msg 3 1313 (e.g., a C-RNTI if assigned, a TC-RNTI included in theMsg 2 1312, and/or any other suitable identifier).

The Msg 4 1314 may be received after or in response to the transmittingof the Msg 3 1313. If a C-RNTI was included in the Msg 3 1313, the basestation will address the UE on the PDCCH using the C-RNTI. If the UE'sunique C-RNTI is detected on the PDCCH, the random access procedure isdetermined to be successfully completed. If a TC-RNTI is included in theMsg 3 1313 (e.g., if the UE is in an RRC_IDLE state or not otherwiseconnected to the base station), Msg 4 1314 will be received using aDL-SCH associated with the TC-RNTI. If a MAC PDU is successfully decodedand a MAC PDU comprises the UE contention resolution identity MAC CEthat matches or otherwise corresponds with the CCCH SDU sent (e.g.,transmitted) in Msg 3 1313, the UE may determine that the contentionresolution is successful and/or the UE may determine that the randomaccess procedure is successfully completed.

The UE may be configured with a supplementary uplink (SUL) carrier and anormal uplink (NUL) carrier. An initial access (e.g., random accessprocedure) may be supported in an uplink carrier. For example, a basestation may configure the UE with two separate RACH configurations: onefor an SUL carrier and the other for an NUL carrier. For random accessin a cell configured with an SUL carrier, the network may indicate whichcarrier to use (NUL or SUL). The UE may determine the SUL carrier, forexample, if a measured quality of one or more reference signals is lowerthan a broadcast threshold. Uplink transmissions of the random accessprocedure (e.g., the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313) may remain on theselected carrier. The UE may switch an uplink carrier during the randomaccess procedure (e.g., between the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313) inone or more cases. For example, the UE may determine and/or switch anuplink carrier for the Msg 1 1311 and/or the Msg 3 1313 based on achannel clear assessment (e.g., a listen-before-talk).

FIG. 13B illustrates a two-step contention-free random access procedure.Similar to the four-step contention-based random access procedureillustrated in FIG. 13A, a base station may, prior to initiation of theprocedure, transmit a configuration message 1320 to the UE. Theconfiguration message 1320 may be analogous in some respects to theconfiguration message 1310. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13Bcomprises transmission of two messages: a Msg 1 1321 and a Msg 2 1322.The Msg 1 1321 and the Msg 2 1322 may be analogous in some respects tothe Msg 1 1311 and a Msg 2 1312 illustrated in FIG. 13A, respectively.As will be understood from FIGS. 13A and 13B, the contention-free randomaccess procedure may not include messages analogous to the Msg 3 1313and/or the Msg 4 1314.

The contention-free random access procedure illustrated in FIG. 13B maybe initiated for a beam failure recovery, other SI request, SCelladdition, and/or handover. For example, a base station may indicate orassign to the UE the preamble to be used for the Msg 1 1321. The UE mayreceive, from the base station via PDCCH and/or RRC, an indication of apreamble (e.g., ra-PreambleIndex).

After transmitting a preamble, the UE may start a time window (e.g.,ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the RAR. In the event of abeam failure recovery request, the base station may configure the UEwith a separate time window and/or a separate PDCCH in a search spaceindicated by an RRC message (e.g., recoverySearchSpaceId). The UE maymonitor for a PDCCH transmission addressed to a Cell RNTI (C-RNTI) onthe search space. In the contention-free random access procedureillustrated in FIG. 13B, the UE may determine that a random accessprocedure successfully completes after or in response to transmission ofMsg 1 1321 and reception of a corresponding Msg 2 1322. The UE maydetermine that a random access procedure successfully completes, forexample, if a PDCCH transmission is addressed to a C-RNTI. The UE maydetermine that a random access procedure successfully completes, forexample, if the UE receives an RAR comprising a preamble identifiercorresponding to a preamble transmitted by the UE and/or the RARcomprises a MAC sub-PDU with the preamble identifier. The UE maydetermine the response as an indication of an acknowledgement for an SIrequest.

FIG. 13C illustrates another two-step random access procedure. Similarto the random access procedures illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B, a basestation may, prior to initiation of the procedure, transmit aconfiguration message 1330 to the UE. The configuration message 1330 maybe analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310 and/orthe configuration message 1320. The procedure illustrated in FIG. 13Ccomprises transmission of two messages: a Msg A 1331 and a Msg B 1332.

Msg A 1331 may be transmitted in an uplink transmission by the UE. Msg A1331 may comprise one or more transmissions of a preamble 1341 and/orone or more transmissions of a transport block 1342. The transport block1342 may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to thecontents of the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A. The transport block1342 may comprise UCI (e.g., an SR, a HARQ ACK/NACK, and/or the like).The UE may receive the Msg B 1332 after or in response to transmittingthe Msg A 1331. The Msg B 1332 may comprise contents that are similarand/or equivalent to the contents of the Msg 2 1312 (e.g., an RAR)illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13B and/or the Msg 4 1314 illustrated inFIG. 13A.

The UE may initiate the two-step random access procedure in FIG. 13C forlicensed spectrum and/or unlicensed spectrum. The UE may determine,based on one or more factors, whether to initiate the two-step randomaccess procedure. The one or more factors may be: a radio accesstechnology in use (e.g., LTE, NR, and/or the like); whether the UE hasvalid TA or not; a cell size; the UE's RRC state; a type of spectrum(e.g., licensed vs. unlicensed); and/or any other suitable factors.

The UE may determine, based on two-step RACH parameters included in theconfiguration message 1330, a radio resource and/or an uplink transmitpower for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342 included inthe Msg A 1331. The RACH parameters may indicate a modulation and codingschemes (MCS), a time-frequency resource, and/or a power control for thepreamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342. A time-frequency resourcefor transmission of the preamble 1341 (e.g., a PRACH) and atime-frequency resource for transmission of the transport block 1342(e.g., a PUSCH) may be multiplexed using FDM, TDM, and/or CDM. The RACHparameters may enable the UE to determine a reception timing and adownlink channel for monitoring for and/or receiving Msg B 1332.

The transport block 1342 may comprise data (e.g., delay-sensitive data),an identifier of the UE, security information, and/or device information(e.g., an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)). The basestation may transmit the Msg B 1332 as a response to the Msg A 1331. TheMsg B 1332 may comprise at least one of following: a preambleidentifier; a timing advance command; a power control command; an uplinkgrant (e.g., a radio resource assignment and/or an MCS); a UE identifierfor contention resolution; and/or an RNTI (e.g., a C-RNTI or a TC-RNTI).The UE may determine that the two-step random access procedure issuccessfully completed if: a preamble identifier in the Msg B 1332 ismatched to a preamble transmitted by the UE; and/or the identifier ofthe UE in Msg B 1332 is matched to the identifier of the UE in the Msg A1331 (e.g., the transport block 1342).

A UE and a base station may exchange control signaling. The controlsignaling may be referred to as L1/L2 control signaling and mayoriginate from the PHY layer (e.g., layer 1) and/or the MAC layer (e.g.,layer 2). The control signaling may comprise downlink control signalingtransmitted from the base station to the UE and/or uplink controlsignaling transmitted from the UE to the base station.

The downlink control signaling may comprise: a downlink schedulingassignment; an uplink scheduling grant indicating uplink radio resourcesand/or a transport format; a slot format information; a preemptionindication; a power control command; and/or any other suitablesignaling. The UE may receive the downlink control signaling in apayload transmitted by the base station on a physical downlink controlchannel (PDCCH). The payload transmitted on the PDCCH may be referred toas downlink control information (DCI). In some scenarios, the PDCCH maybe a group common PDCCH (GC-PDCCH) that is common to a group of UEs.

A base station may attach one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC)parity bits to a DCI in order to facilitate detection of transmissionerrors. When the DCI is intended for a UE (or a group of the UEs), thebase station may scramble the CRC parity bits with an identifier of theUE (or an identifier of the group of the UEs). Scrambling the CRC paritybits with the identifier may comprise Modulo-2 addition (or an exclusiveOR operation) of the identifier value and the CRC parity bits. Theidentifier may comprise a 16-bit value of a radio network temporaryidentifier (RNTI).

DCIs may be used for different purposes. A purpose may be indicated bythe type of RNTI used to scramble the CRC parity bits. For example, aDCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a paging RNTI (P-RNTI) mayindicate paging information and/or a system information changenotification. The P-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFE” in hexadecimal. ADCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a system information RNTI(SI-RNTI) may indicate a broadcast transmission of the systeminformation. The SI-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFF” in hexadecimal. ADCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI)may indicate a random access response (RAR). A DCI having CRC paritybits scrambled with a cell RNTI (C-RNTI) may indicate a dynamicallyscheduled unicast transmission and/or a triggering of PDCCH-orderedrandom access. A DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a temporarycell RNTI (TC-RNTI) may indicate a contention resolution (e.g., a Msg 3analogous to the Msg 3 1313 illustrated in FIG. 13A). Other RNTIsconfigured to the UE by a base station may comprise a ConfiguredScheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUCCH RNTI(TPC-PUCCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUSCH RNTI (TPC-PUSCH-RNTI),a Transmit Power Control-SRS RNTI (TPC-SRS-RNTI), an Interruption RNTI(INT-RNTI), a Slot Format Indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), a Semi-PersistentCSI RNTI (SP-CSI-RNTI), a Modulation and Coding Scheme Cell RNTI(MCS-C-RNTI), and/or the like.

Depending on the purpose and/or content of a DCI, the base station maytransmit the DCIs with one or more DCI formats. For example, DCI format0_0 may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell. DCI format 0_0 may bea fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 0_1may be used for scheduling of PUSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCIpayloads than DCI format 0_0). DCI format 1_0 may be used for schedulingof PDSCH in a cell. DCI format 1_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g.,with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 1_1 may be used for scheduling ofPDSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 1_0). DCIformat 2_0 may be used for providing a slot format indication to a groupof UEs. DCI format 2_1 may be used for notifying a group of UEs of aphysical resource block and/or OFDM symbol where the UE may assume notransmission is intended to the UE. DCI format 2_2 may be used fortransmission of a transmit power control (TPC) command for PUCCH orPUSCH. DCI format 2_3 may be used for transmission of a group of TPCcommands for SRS transmissions by one or more UEs. DCI format(s) for newfunctions may be defined in future releases. DCI formats may havedifferent DCI sizes, or may share the same DCI size.

After scrambling a DCI with a RNTI, the base station may process the DCIwith channel coding (e.g., polar coding), rate matching, scramblingand/or QPSK modulation. A base station may map the coded and modulatedDCI on resource elements used and/or configured for a PDCCH. Based on apayload size of the DCI and/or a coverage of the base station, the basestation may transmit the DCI via a PDCCH occupying a number ofcontiguous control channel elements (CCEs). The number of the contiguousCCEs (referred to as aggregation level) may be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and/orany other suitable number. A CCE may comprise a number (e.g., 6) ofresource-element groups (REGs). A REG may comprise a resource block inan OFDM symbol. The mapping of the coded and modulated DCI on theresource elements may be based on mapping of CCEs and REGs (e.g.,CCE-to-REG mapping).

FIG. 14A illustrates an example of CORESET configurations for abandwidth part. The base station may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH on oneor more control resource sets (CORESETs). A CORESET may comprise atime-frequency resource in which the UE tries to decode a DCI using oneor more search spaces. The base station may configure a CORESET in thetime-frequency domain. In the example of FIG. 14A, a first CORESET 1401and a second CORESET 1402 occur at the first symbol in a slot. The firstCORESET 1401 overlaps with the second CORESET 1402 in the frequencydomain. A third CORESET 1403 occurs at a third symbol in the slot. Afourth CORESET 1404 occurs at the seventh symbol in the slot. CORESETsmay have a different number of resource blocks in frequency domain.

FIG. 14B illustrates an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping for DCItransmission on a CORESET and PDCCH processing. The CCE-to-REG mappingmay be an interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purpose of providingfrequency diversity) or a non-interleaved mapping (e.g., for thepurposes of facilitating interference coordination and/orfrequency-selective transmission of control channels). The base stationmay perform different or same CCE-to-REG mapping on different CORESETs.A CORESET may be associated with a CCE-to-REG mapping by RRCconfiguration. A CORESET may be configured with an antenna port quasico-location (QCL) parameter. The antenna port QCL parameter may indicateQCL information of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for PDCCHreception in the CORESET.

The base station may transmit, to the UE, RRC messages comprisingconfiguration parameters of one or more CORESETs and one or more searchspace sets. The configuration parameters may indicate an associationbetween a search space set and a CORESET. A search space set maycomprise a set of PDCCH candidates formed by CCEs at a given aggregationlevel. The configuration parameters may indicate: a number of PDCCHcandidates to be monitored per aggregation level; a PDCCH monitoringperiodicity and a PDCCH monitoring pattern; one or more DCI formats tobe monitored by the UE; and/or whether a search space set is a commonsearch space set or a UE-specific search space set. A set of CCEs in thecommon search space set may be predefined and known to the UE. A set ofCCEs in the UE-specific search space set may be configured based on theUE's identity (e.g., C-RNTI).

As shown in FIG. 14B, the UE may determine a time-frequency resource fora CORESET based on RRC messages. The UE may determine a CCE-to-REGmapping (e.g., interleaved or non-interleaved, and/or mappingparameters) for the CORESET based on configuration parameters of theCORESET. The UE may determine a number (e.g., at most 10) of searchspace sets configured on the CORESET based on the RRC messages. The UEmay monitor a set of PDCCH candidates according to configurationparameters of a search space set. The UE may monitor a set of PDCCHcandidates in one or more CORESETs for detecting one or more DCIs.Monitoring may comprise decoding one or more PDCCH candidates of the setof the PDCCH candidates according to the monitored DCI formats.Monitoring may comprise decoding a DCI content of one or more PDCCHcandidates with possible (or configured) PDCCH locations, possible (orconfigured) PDCCH formats (e.g., number of CCEs, number of PDCCHcandidates in common search spaces, and/or number of PDCCH candidates inthe UE-specific search spaces) and possible (or configured) DCI formats.The decoding may be referred to as blind decoding. The UE may determinea DCI as valid for the UE, in response to CRC checking (e.g., scrambledbits for CRC parity bits of the DCI matching a RNTI value). The UE mayprocess information contained in the DCI (e.g., a scheduling assignment,an uplink grant, power control, a slot format indication, a downlinkpreemption, and/or the like).

The UE may transmit uplink control signaling (e.g., uplink controlinformation (UCI)) to a base station. The uplink control signaling maycomprise hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgements forreceived DL-SCH transport blocks. The UE may transmit the HARQacknowledgements after receiving a DL-SCH transport block. Uplinkcontrol signaling may comprise channel state information (CSI)indicating channel quality of a physical downlink channel. The UE maytransmit the CSI to the base station. The base station, based on thereceived CSI, may determine transmission format parameters (e.g.,comprising multi-antenna and beamforming schemes) for a downlinktransmission. Uplink control signaling may comprise scheduling requests(SR). The UE may transmit an SR indicating that uplink data is availablefor transmission to the base station. The UE may transmit a UCI (e.g.,HARQ acknowledgements (HARQ-ACK), CSI report, SR, and the like) via aphysical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or a physical uplink sharedchannel (PUSCH). The UE may transmit the uplink control signaling via aPUCCH using one of several PUCCH formats.

There may be five PUCCH formats and the UE may determine a PUCCH formatbased on a size of the UCI (e.g., a number of uplink symbols of UCItransmission and a number of UCI bits). PUCCH format 0 may have a lengthof one or two OFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE maytransmit UCI in a PUCCH resource using PUCCH format 0 if thetransmission is over one or two symbols and the number of HARQ-ACKinformation bits with positive or negative SR (HARQ-ACK/SR bits) is oneor two. PUCCH format 1 may occupy a number between four and fourteenOFDM symbols and may include two or fewer bits. The UE may use PUCCHformat 1 if the transmission is four or more symbols and the number ofHARQ-ACK/SR bits is one or two. PUCCH format 2 may occupy one or twoOFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. The UE may use PUCCHformat 2 if the transmission is over one or two symbols and the numberof UCI bits is two or more. PUCCH format 3 may occupy a number betweenfour and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than two bits. TheUE may use PUCCH format 3 if the transmission is four or more symbols,the number of UCI bits is two or more and PUCCH resource does notinclude an orthogonal cover code. PUCCH format 4 may occupy a numberbetween four and fourteen OFDM symbols and may include more than twobits. The UE may use PUCCH format 4 if the transmission is four or moresymbols, the number of UCI bits is two or more and the PUCCH resourceincludes an orthogonal cover code.

The base station may transmit configuration parameters to the UE for aplurality of PUCCH resource sets using, for example, an RRC message. Theplurality of PUCCH resource sets (e.g., up to four sets) may beconfigured on an uplink BWP of a cell. A PUCCH resource set may beconfigured with a PUCCH resource set index, a plurality of PUCCHresources with a PUCCH resource being identified by a PUCCH resourceidentifier (e.g., pucch-Resourceid), and/or a number (e.g. a maximumnumber) of UCI information bits the UE may transmit using one of theplurality of PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. When configuredwith a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, the UE may select one of theplurality of PUCCH resource sets based on a total bit length of the UCIinformation bits (e.g., HARQ-ACK, SR, and/or CSI). If the total bitlength of UCI information bits is two or fewer, the UE may select afirst PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “0”.If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than two andless than or equal to a first configured value, the UE may select asecond PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to“1”. If the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than thefirst configured value and less than or equal to a second configuredvalue, the UE may select a third PUCCH resource set having a PUCCHresource set index equal to “2”. If the total bit length of UCIinformation bits is greater than the second configured value and lessthan or equal to a third value (e.g., 1406), the UE may select a fourthPUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to Afterdetermining a PUCCH resource set from a plurality of PUCCH resourcesets, the UE may determine a PUCCH resource from the PUCCH resource setfor UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI, and/or SR) transmission. The UE may determinethe PUCCH resource based on a PUCCH resource indicator in a DCI (e.g.,with a DCI format 1_0 or DCI for 1_1) received on a PDCCH. A three-bitPUCCH resource indicator in the DCI may indicate one of eight PUCCHresources in the PUCCH resource set. Based on the PUCCH resourceindicator, the UE may transmit the UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI and/or SR) using aPUCCH resource indicated by the PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a wireless device 1502 incommunication with a base station 1504 in accordance with embodiments ofthe present disclosure. The wireless device 1502 and base station 1504may be part of a mobile communication network, such as the mobilecommunication network 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A, the mobilecommunication network 150 illustrated in FIG. 1B, or any othercommunication network. Only one wireless device 1502 and one basestation 1504 are illustrated in FIG. 15 , but it will be understood thata mobile communication network may include more than one UE and/or morethan one base station, with the same or similar configuration as thoseshown in FIG. 15 .

The base station 1504 may connect the wireless device 1502 to a corenetwork (not shown) through radio communications over the air interface(or radio interface) 1506. The communication direction from the basestation 1504 to the wireless device 1502 over the air interface 1506 isknown as the downlink, and the communication direction from the wirelessdevice 1502 to the base station 1504 over the air interface is known asthe uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplinktransmissions using FDD, TDD, and/or some combination of the twoduplexing techniques.

In the downlink, data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 from thebase station 1504 may be provided to the processing system 1508 of thebase station 1504. The data may be provided to the processing system1508 by, for example, a core network. In the uplink, data to be sent tothe base station 1504 from the wireless device 1502 may be provided tothe processing system 1518 of the wireless device 1502. The processingsystem 1508 and the processing system 1518 may implement layer 3 andlayer 2 OSI functionality to process the data for transmission. Layer 2may include an SDAP layer, a PDCP layer, an RLC layer, and a MAC layer,for example, with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3 , and FIG. 4A.Layer 3 may include an RRC layer as with respect to FIG. 2B.

After being processed by processing system 1508, the data to be sent tothe wireless device 1502 may be provided to a transmission processingsystem 1510 of base station 1504. Similarly, after being processed bythe processing system 1518, the data to be sent to base station 1504 maybe provided to a transmission processing system 1520 of the wirelessdevice 1502. The transmission processing system 1510 and thetransmission processing system 1520 may implement layer 1 OSIfunctionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A,FIG. 2B, FIG. 3 , and FIG. 4A. For transmit processing, the PHY layermay perform, for example, forward error correction coding of transportchannels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping of transport channels tophysical channels, modulation of physical channel, multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like.

At the base station 1504, a reception processing system 1512 may receivethe uplink transmission from the wireless device 1502. At the wirelessdevice 1502, a reception processing system 1522 may receive the downlinktransmission from base station 1504. The reception processing system1512 and the reception processing system 1522 may implement layer 1 OSIfunctionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer with respect to FIG. 2A,FIG. 2B, FIG. 3 , and FIG. 4A. For receive processing, the PHY layer mayperform, for example, error detection, forward error correctiondecoding, deinterleaving, demapping of transport channels to physicalchannels, demodulation of physical channels, MIMO or multi-antennaprocessing, and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 15 , a wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504may include multiple antennas. The multiple antennas may be used toperform one or more MIMO or multi-antenna techniques, such as spatialmultiplexing (e.g., single-user MIMO or multi-user MIMO),transmit/receive diversity, and/or beamforming. In other examples, thewireless device 1502 and/or the base station 1504 may have a singleantenna.

The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may beassociated with a memory 1514 and a memory 1524, respectively. Memory1514 and memory 1524 (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readablemediums) may store computer program instructions or code that may beexecuted by the processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518to carry out one or more of the functionalities discussed in the presentapplication. Although not shown in FIG. 15 , the transmission processingsystem 1510, the transmission processing system 1520, the receptionprocessing system 1512, and/or the reception processing system 1522 maybe coupled to a memory (e.g., one or more non-transitory computerreadable mediums) storing computer program instructions or code that maybe executed to carry out one or more of their respectivefunctionalities.

The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 maycomprise one or more controllers and/or one or more processors. The oneor more controllers and/or one or more processors may comprise, forexample, a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP),a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), afield programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or other programmable logicdevice, discrete gate and/or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, an on-board unit, or any combination thereof. The processingsystem 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may perform at least oneof signal coding/processing, data processing, power control,input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that may enablethe wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504 to operate in awireless environment.

The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may beconnected to one or more peripherals 1516 and one or more peripherals1526, respectively. The one or more peripherals 1516 and the one or moreperipherals 1526 may include software and/or hardware that providefeatures and/or functionalities, for example, a speaker, a microphone, akeypad, a display, a touchpad, a power source, a satellite transceiver,a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequencymodulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, anelectronic control unit (e.g., for a motor vehicle), and/or one or moresensors (e.g., an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, aradar sensor, a lidar sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, acamera, and/or the like). The processing system 1508 and/or theprocessing system 1518 may receive user input data from and/or provideuser output data to the one or more peripherals 1516 and/or the one ormore peripherals 1526. The processing system 1518 in the wireless device1502 may receive power from a power source and/or may be configured todistribute the power to the other components in the wireless device1502. The power source may comprise one or more sources of power, forexample, a battery, a solar cell, a fuel cell, or any combinationthereof. The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518may be connected to a GPS chipset 1517 and a GPS chipset 1527,respectively. The GPS chipset 1517 and the GPS chipset 1527 may beconfigured to provide geographic location information of the wirelessdevice 1502 and the base station 1504, respectively.

FIG. 16A illustrates an example structure for uplink transmission. Abaseband signal representing a physical uplink shared channel mayperform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise atleast one of: scrambling; modulation of scrambled bits to generatecomplex-valued symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbolsonto one or several transmission layers; transform precoding to generatecomplex-valued symbols;

precoding of the complex-valued symbols; mapping of precodedcomplex-valued symbols to resource elements; generation ofcomplex-valued time-domain Single Carrier-Frequency Division MultipleAccess (SC-FDMA) or CP-OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like.In an example, when transform precoding is enabled, a SC-FDMA signal foruplink transmission may be generated. In an example, when transformprecoding is not enabled, an CP-OFDM signal for uplink transmission maybe generated by FIG. 16A. These functions are illustrated as examplesand it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented invarious embodiments.

FIG. 16B illustrates an example structure for modulation andup-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The basebandsignal may be a complex-valued SC-FDMA or CP-OFDM baseband signal for anantenna port and/or a complex-valued Physical Random Access Channel(PRACH) baseband signal. Filtering may be employed prior totransmission.

FIG. 16C illustrates an example structure for downlink transmissions. Abaseband signal representing a physical downlink channel may perform oneor more functions. The one or more functions may comprise: scrambling ofcoded bits in a codeword to be transmitted on a physical channel;modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulationsymbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one orseveral transmission layers; precoding of the complex-valued modulationsymbols on a layer for transmission on the antenna ports; mapping ofcomplex-valued modulation symbols for an antenna port to resourceelements; generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for anantenna port; and/or the like. These functions are illustrated asexamples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implementedin various embodiments.

FIG. 16D illustrates another example structure for modulation andup-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The basebandsignal may be a complex-valued OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port.Filtering may be employed prior to transmission.

A wireless device may receive from a base station one or more messages(e.g. RRC messages) comprising configuration parameters of a pluralityof cells (e.g. primary cell, secondary cell). The wireless device maycommunicate with at least one base station (e.g. two or more basestations in dual-connectivity) via the plurality of cells. The one ormore messages (e.g. as a part of the configuration parameters) maycomprise parameters of physical, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers forconfiguring the wireless device. For example, the configurationparameters may comprise parameters for configuring physical and MAClayer channels, bearers, etc. For example, the configuration parametersmay comprise parameters indicating values of timers for physical, MAC,RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers, and/or communication channels.

A timer may begin running once it is started and continue running untilit is stopped or until it expires. A timer may be started if it is notrunning or restarted if it is running. A timer may be associated with avalue (e.g. the timer may be started or restarted from a value or may bestarted from zero and expire once it reaches the value). The duration ofa timer may not be updated until the timer is stopped or expires (e.g.,due to BWP switching). A timer may be used to measure a timeperiod/window for a process. When the specification refers to animplementation and procedure related to one or more timers, it will beunderstood that there are multiple ways to implement the one or moretimers. For example, it will be understood that one or more of themultiple ways to implement a timer may be used to measure a timeperiod/window for the procedure. For example, a random access responsewindow timer may be used for measuring a window of time for receiving arandom access response. In an example, instead of starting and expiry ofa random access response window timer, the time difference between twotime stamps may be used. When a timer is restarted, a process formeasurement of time window may be restarted. Other exampleimplementations may be provided to restart a measurement of a timewindow.

FIG. 17 illustrates joint TCI states and separate TCI states as per anaspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. Atransmission configuration indicator (TCI) state pool (e.g., a joint TCIstate pool, a separate TCI state pool comprising UL TCI states and/or DLTCI states) may be a TCI state group, a TCI state set, a TCI state list,or a TCI state sequence. The TCI state pool may be common TCI statepool, for example, each TCI state (e.g., common TCI state or commonbeam) of the TCI state pool may be used by wireless device (e.g., may beconfigured by the base station via RRC messages) for receptions of oneor more downlink channels or signals (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, and/or CSI-RS)and/or transmissions of one or more uplink channels or signals (e.g.,PUCCH, PUSCH, and/or SRS). The TCI state pool may comprise one or moreTCI states. The one or more TCI states may comprise: one or more jointTCI states, one or more downlink TCI states, and/or one or more uplinkTCI states. In an example, a joint TCI state pool may comprise the oneor more joint TCI states. Each of the one or more joint TCI states maybe used, by a wireless device, to receive downlink signals (e.g., PDCCH,PDSCH, and/or CSI-RS), for example, the wireless device may determine adownlink spatial domain filter of a reception of the downlink signals.Each of the one or more joint TCI states may be used, by the wirelessdevice, to transmit uplink signals (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, and/or SRS), forexample, the wireless device may determine an uplink spatial domainfilter of a transmission of the uplink signals. A separate TCI statepool may comprise the UL TCI state pool, and/or the DL TCI state pool.For example, a UL TCI state pool may comprise the one or more uplink TCIstates. Each of the one or more uplink TCI states may be used, by thewireless device, (or may be configured by the base station via RRCmessages) to transmit uplink signals (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, and/or SRS),for example, the wireless device may determine an uplink spatial domainfilter of a transmission of the uplink signals.

In an example, the separate TCI state pool may comprise the DL TCI statepool. For example, the DL TCI state pool may comprise the one or moredownlink TCI states. Each of the one or more downlink TCI states may beused, by the wireless device, to receive downlink signals (e.g., PDCCH,PDSCH, and/or CSI-RS), for example, the wireless device may determine adownlink spatial domain filter of a reception for the downlink signals.Each TCI state of the TCI state pool (e.g., joint TCI state pool, UL TCIstate pool, or DL TCI state pool) may be referred to as a common beam(or a unified TCI state) used for a reception and/or a transmission bythe wireless device. For example, a joint TCI state may be used for thereceptions, by the wireless device, via PDCCH, PDSCH, and/or CIS-RS,and/or the transmissions via PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, and/or soundingchannel (e.g., SRS transmission). For example, a downlink TCI state maybe used by the wireless device for the receptions of downlink signalsvia PDCCH, PDSCH, and/or CSI-RS. For example, an uplink TCI state may beused by the wireless device for the transmissions of uplink signals viaPUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, and/or sounding channel (e.g., SRS transmission).

In an example, an uplink TCI state may be associated with (or maycomprise) a quasi-colocation (QCL) information RS, a spatial relationinformation RS, a pathloss reference RS (or a pathloss RS), and/or apower control parameter setting. For example, an information element ofthe uplink TCI state may be configured, via RRC messages by the basestation, with (or may comprise) the QCL information RS, the spatialrelation information RS, the pathloss reference RS, and/or the powercontrol parameter setting. The power control parameter setting maycomprise one or more of: p0 for PUSCH power control (e.g., a targetreceived power), Alpha for PUSCH power control (e.g., a pathlosscompensation factor), or close loop index for PUSCH power control. In anexample, the uplink TCI state may be configured with (or may comprise)the pathloss reference RS (or the pathloss RS), and/or the power controlparameter setting via RRC messages. In an example, the informationelement of the uplink TCI state may be configured, via RRC messages,with an association with the QCL information RS, the spatial relationinformation RS, the pathloss reference RS (or a pathloss RS), and/or thepower control parameter setting. The association may comprise that thepathloss reference RS (or the pathloss RS), and/or the power controlparameter setting is linked with an uplink TCI state identity (e.g., inRRC configuration parameters and as illustrated in FIG. 18A). Thewireless device may determine the pathloss reference RS, and/or thepower control parameter setting based on the uplink TCI state identity.In an example, the wireless device may determine the QCL information RS,the spatial relation information RS, the associated pathloss referenceRS, and/or the power control parameter setting based on the associationand/or the information element of the uplink TCI state.

In an example, a joint TCI state may be associated with (or maycomprise) a QCL information RS, a spatial relation information RS, apathloss reference RS (or a pathloss RS), and/or a power controlparameter setting. For example, an information element of the joint TCIstate may be configured, via RRC messages by the base station, with (ormay comprise) the QCL information RS, the spatial relation informationRS, the pathloss reference RS, and/or the power control parametersetting. The power control parameter setting may comprise one or moreof: p0 for PUSCH power control, Alpha for PUSCH power control, or closeloop index for PUSCH power control. In an example, the joint TCI statemay be configured with (or may comprise) the pathloss reference RS (orthe pathloss RS), and/or the power control parameter setting via RRCmessages. In an example, the information element of the joint TCI statemay be configured, via RRC messages, with an association with the QCLinformation RS, the spatial relation information RS, the pathlossreference RS (or a pathloss RS), and/or the power control parametersetting. The association may comprise that the pathloss reference RS (orthe pathloss RS), and/or the power control parameter setting is linkedwith a joint TCI state identity (e.g., in RRC configuration parametersand as illustrated in FIG. 18B). The wireless device may determine thepathloss reference RS, and/or the power control parameter setting basedon the joint TCI state identity. In an example, the wireless device maydetermine the QCL-info RS, the spatial relation information RS, theassociated pathloss reference RS, and/or the power control parametersetting based on the association and/or the information element of thejoint TCI state.

In an example, a downlink TCI state may be associated with (or maycomprise) one or more QCL information RSs. For example, an informationelement of the downlink TCI state may be configured, via RRC messages,with (or may comprise) the one or more QCL information RS s. Thewireless device may determine a spatial domain filter for reception ofmultiple downlink channels or signals (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, and/orCSI-RS) based on a joint TCI state or a downlink TCI state. For example,the wireless device may determine the spatial domain filter same as aspatial domain filter used for reception of quasi collocated RS (e.g.,QCL information RS) of the joint TCI state or the downlink TCI state.

FIG. 18A illustrates association between uplink TCI states and powercontrol parameters as per an aspect of an example embodiment of thepresent disclosure. The separate TCI states may be uplink TCI states. Inan example, the association may indicate that an uplink TCI statecomprises a pathloss reference RS. The association may indicate that theuplink TCI state comprises a power control parameter setting (e.g., asillustrated in FIG. 17 ). In an example, the association may indicatethat the pathloss reference RS is identified (or is linked) by theuplink TCI state. The association may indicate that the power controlparameter setting is identified (or is linked) by the uplink TCI state.FIG. 18B illustrates association between joint TCI states and powercontrol parameters as per an aspect of an example embodiment of thepresent disclosure. In an example, the association may indicate that ajoint TCI state comprises a pathloss reference RS. The association mayindicate that the joint TCI state comprises a power control parametersetting (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 ). In an example, theassociation may indicate that the pathloss reference RS is identified(or is linked) by the joint TCI state. The association may indicate thatthe power control parameter setting is identified (or is linked) by thejoint TCI state.

FIG. 19 illustrates a power control procedure based on TCI states as peran aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. A wirelessdevice may receive (e.g., at time T1) one or more RRC messages from abase station. The one or more RRC messages may comprise configurationparameters. The configuration parameters may indicate a plurality oftransmission configuration indicator (TCI) states. Each TCI state of theplurality of TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference)RS. The wireless device may receive (e.g., at time T2) a MAC CEactivating one or more first TCI states of the plurality of TCI states.The wireless device may receive (e.g., at time T3) a downlink controlinformation (DCI) from the base station. The DCI may indicate one ormore second TCI states (e.g., one or more joint TCI states; and/or oneor more separate TCI states) of the one or more first TCI states. In anexample, the DCI may schedule a transport block via a PDSCH. Thewireless device may receive (e.g., at time T4) the transport block viathe PDSCH from the base station. In an example, the DCI may not schedulethe transport block via the PDSCH.

The wireless device may transmit (e.g., at time T5) an acknowledgement(ACK/NACK) of the transport block (e.g., the transport block beingscheduled) and/or the DCI (e.g., the transport block not beingscheduled) to the base station. The wireless device may apply (e.g.,from time T6) the one or more second TCI states after a time offset fromtransmission (by the wireless device) of the acknowledgement (ACK/NACK).The application of the one or more second TCI states may comprisetransmissions and/or receptions (by the wireless device) of signalsand/or channels for uplink and/or downlink with the one or more secondTCI states. For example, the wireless device may determine a spatialdomain filter based on the one or more second TCI states. In an example,the wireless device may determine the spatial domain filter based onquasi colocation reference signal(s) (or spatial relation informationreference signal(s)) of the one or more second TCI states. The wirelessdevice may determine a transmit power based on the one or second TCIstates. The wireless device may transmit (e.g., at time T7), based onthe transmit power, uplink signals and/or channels with the spatialdomain filter. The wireless device may receive downlink signals and/orchannels with the spatial domain filter. The application time may be afirst slot after the time offset from the transmission of theacknowledgement (ACK/NACK). The time offset may comprise: one or moremillion seconds; or one or more symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols). The downlink signals and/orchannels may comprise one or more of: PDCCH, PDSCH, PBCH, SSB(s),CSI-RS(s), or DMRS(s). The uplink signals and/or channels may compriseone or more of: SRS(s), PUCCH, PUSCH, or PRACH.

In existing technologies, the one or more second TCI states indicated bythe DCI may be associated with a pathloss (reference) RS. The wirelessdevice may determine a transmit power for uplink transmission based onthe pathloss (reference) RS. The wireless device may transmit the uplinksignals and/or channels based on the transmit power. The wireless devicemay maintain pathloss estimations of a number of pathloss (reference)RSs based on the wireless device capability. For example, the wirelessdevice capability may indicate that the wireless device has thecapability to maintain at most four pathloss (reference) RSs (or anotherset number of pathloss RSs). In another example, the wireless devicecapability may indicate that the wireless device has the capability tomaintain at most eight pathloss (reference) RSs. In an example, duringthe maintaining of the pathloss estimation, the wireless device mayperform measurements of pathloss (reference) RS received power and anaverage operation of the measurements based on the maintained pathloss(reference) RSs, for example, limited by the wireless device capability.The wireless device may transmit, to the base station, the wirelessdevice capability parameters (e.g., via RRC messages) indicating thepathloss estimation capability for pathloss (reference) RSs. In anexample, the base station may transmit configuration parameters to thewireless device. The configuration parameters may indicate the multiplepathloss (reference) RSs for pathloss estimation maintaining by thewireless device.

By implementing the existing technologies, a wireless device'scapability may limit the wireless device to maintaining pathlossestimation for a limited number of pathloss (reference) RSs. As aresult, once the wireless device is already maintaining pathlossestimation for that limited number of pathloss (reference) RSs (e.g.,four), the wireless device may not be capable of maintaining a pathlossestimation for the pathloss (reference) RS associated with the one ormore second TCI states indicated by DCI. When this happens, the wirelessdevice's power control performance will be significantly reduced becausethe transmit power determined based on the pathloss (reference) RSassociated with the one or more second TCI states indicated by the DCImay be inaccurate. For example, the wireless device may not correctlydetermine the transmit power based on the pathloss (reference) RSassociated with the one or more second TCI states if the pathlossestimation of that pathloss (reference) RS is not maintained by thewireless device. Additionally, the reduced pathloss estimation accuracyand related power control performance may result in additional uplinktransmissions and/or retransmissions, which further decreases datathroughput and spectrum efficiency for uplink transmissions. Therefore,there is a need to enhance signaling and/or the operation behaviors ofthe wireless device for uplink power control procedures based on theunified TCI state indications (e.g., joint TCI state indication and/oruplink TCI state indication) without increasing signaling overhead anddetection complexity for the wireless device and the base station. Forexample, if the pathloss estimation of the pathloss (reference) RSassociated with the one or more second TCI states indicated by DCI isnot maintained by the wireless device, signaling and/or differentbehaviors of wireless device need to be enhanced to determine areference pathloss RS and/or a reference transmit power by the wirelessdevice for the power control procedures, simultaneously withoutincreasing signaling overhead and detection complexity for the wirelessdevice and the base station.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving configuration parameters from a base station. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states grouped into TCI state groups. Each TCI state ofthe TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference) referencesignal (RS) of pathloss (reference) RSs. The wireless device may selectfirst pathloss RSs from the pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. Eachpathloss RS of the first pathloss RSs may be associated with arespective TCI state group of the TCI state groups. The wireless devicemay receive a downlink control information indicating a second TCIstate, of the TCI states, associated with a second pathloss RS. Inresponse to the second pathloss RS being not from the first pathlossRSs, the wireless device may determine a transmit power based on a thirdpathloss RS from the first pathloss RSs. The third pathloss RS may beassociated with the same TCI state group as the second TCI state. Thewireless device may transmit, based on the transmit power, an uplinksignal. The wireless device may avoid determining a transmit power basedon a pathloss (reference) RS with pathloss estimation not maintained bythe wireless device, which reduces system unreliability of power controlprocedure and increases power control performance of uplink transmissionfor the wireless device.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving configuration parameters from a base station. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states grouped into TCI state groups. Each TCI state ofthe TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference) referencesignal (RS) of pathloss (reference) RSs. The configuration parametersmay indicate an association between each pathloss RS of first pathlossRSs and a respective TCI state group of the TCI state groups. Thewireless device may select, based on the association, the first pathlossRSs from the pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. The wireless devicemay receive a downlink control information indicating a second TCIstate, of the TCI states, associated with a second pathloss RS. Inresponse to the second pathloss RS being not from the first pathlossRSs, the wireless device may determine a transmit power based on a thirdpathloss RS from the first pathloss RSs. The third pathloss RS may beassociated with the same TCI state group as the second TCI state. Thewireless device may transmit, based on the transmit power, an uplinksignal. The wireless device may avoid determining a transmit power basedon a pathloss (reference) RS with pathloss estimation not maintained bythe wireless device, which reduces system unreliability of power controlprocedure and increases power control performance of uplink transmissionfor the wireless device.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving configuration parameters from a base station. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states grouped into TCI state groups. Each TCI state ofthe TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference) referencesignal (RS) of pathloss (reference) RSs. The wireless device may selectfirst pathloss RSs from the pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. Eachpathloss RS of the first pathloss RSs may be associated with a TCI statewith lowest identity of a respective TCI state group of the TCI stategroups. The wireless device may receive a downlink control informationindicating a second TCI state, of the TCI states, associated with asecond pathloss RS. In response to the second pathloss RS being not fromthe first pathloss RSs, the wireless device may determine a transmitpower based on a third pathloss RS from the first pathloss RSs. Thethird pathloss RS may be associated with the TCI state with lowestidentity of the same TCI state group as the second TCI state. Thewireless device may transmit, based on the transmit power, an uplinksignal. The wireless device may avoid determining a transmit power basedon a pathloss (reference) RS with pathloss estimation not maintained bythe wireless device, which reduces system unreliability of power controlprocedure and increases power control performance of uplink transmissionfor the wireless device.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise a wirelessdevice receiving configuration parameters from a base station. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states. Each TCI state of the TCI states may beassociated with a pathloss (reference) reference signal (RS) of pathloss(reference) RSs. The wireless device may select first pathloss RSs fromthe pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. The wireless device mayreceive a downlink control information indicating a second TCI state, ofthe TCI states, associated with a second pathloss RS. In response to thesecond pathloss RS being not from the first pathloss RSs, the wirelessdevice may determine a transmit power based on a second transmit powerwith a most recent uplink transmission of an uplink signal. The wirelessdevice may transmit, based on the transmit power, the uplink signal. Thewireless device may determine a transmit power based on a referencetransmit power if pathloss estimation of second pathloss RS is notmaintained by the wireless device, which reduces system unreliability ofpower control procedure and increases power control performance ofuplink transmission for the wireless device.

FIG. 20 illustrates a power control procedure based on TCI states as peran aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. A wirelessdevice may receive (e.g., at time T1) one or more RRC messages from abase station. The one or more RRC messages may comprise configurationparameters. The configuration parameters may indicate a plurality oftransmission configuration indicator (TCI) states. Each TCI state of theplurality of TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference)RS. The configuration parameters may indicate multiple TCI state groups.The plurality of TCI states may be grouped into the multiple TCI stategroups. The configuration parameters may indicate a reference pathloss(reference) RS associated with a respective TCI state group of themultiple TCI state groups (e.g., a respective pathloss reference RS maybe associated with each TCI state group of the multiple TCI stategroups). The wireless device may receive (e.g., at time T2) one or moreMAC CEs from the base station. The one or more MAC CEs (e.g., a firstMAC CE) may activate one or more first TCI states of the plurality ofTCI states.

In an example, the one or more MAC CEs (e.g., a second MAC CE) mayupdate the reference pathloss (reference) RS associated with a TCI stategroup of the multiple TCI state groups. The one or more MAC CEs (e.g.,the second MAC CE) may indicate the reference pathloss (reference) RSassociated with a TCI state group of the multiple TCI state groups. Thewireless device may receive (e.g., at time T3) a downlink controlinformation (DCI) from the base station. The DCI may indicate one ormore second TCI states (e.g., one or more joint TCI states; and/or oneor more separate TCI states or uplink TCI states) of the one or morefirst TCI states. In an example, the DCI may schedule a transport blockvia a PDSCH. The wireless device may receive (e.g., at time T4) thetransport block via the PDSCH from the base station. In an example, theDCI may not schedule the transport block via the PDSCH. The one or moresecond TCI states may be associated with a second pathloss (reference)RS (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 , FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B).

The wireless device may transmit (e.g., at time T5), to the basestation, an acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) of the transport block (e.g., thetransport block being scheduled) and/or the DCI (e.g., the transportblock not being scheduled). The wireless device may apply (e.g., fromtime T6) the one or more second TCI states after a time offset (e.g., anapplication time of the one or more second TCI states at time T6) fromtransmission (by the wireless device) of the acknowledgement (ACK/NACK).The application of the one or more second TCI states may comprisetransmissions and/or receptions (by the wireless device) of signalsand/or channels for uplink and/or downlink with the one or more secondTCI states.

In an example, the wireless device may determine a spatial domain filterbased on the one or more second TCI states. The wireless device maydetermine the spatial domain filter based on quasi colocation referencesignal(s) (or spatial relation information reference signal(s)) of theone or more second TCI states. In an example, the wireless device maydetermine a transmit power based on the one or more second TCI states(e.g., based on the second pathloss (reference) RS associated with theone or more second TCI states in response to the pathloss estimation ofthe second pathloss RS being maintained by the wireless device).

In an example, the wireless device may maintain (or perform) pathlossestimation (e.g., from time T1 to time T7) for multiple pathloss(reference) RSs associated with the multiple TCI state groups. Forexample, each of the multiple pathloss (reference) RSs may be associatedwith a respective TCI state group of the multiple TCI state groups(e.g., the configuration parameters may indicate the association betweenpathloss RS and TCI state group). Each of the multiple pathloss(reference) RSs may be the reference pathloss (reference) RS associatedwith a respective TCI state group of the multiple TCI state groups. Thewireless device may determine the transmit power based on a pathlossreference RS associated with same TCI state group as (or comprising) thesecond one or more TCI states indicated by DCI in response to pathlossestimation of the second pathloss RS being not maintained by thewireless device (or in response to the second pathloss RS being not fromthe multiple pathloss (reference) RSs).

In an example, the wireless device may determine the transmit powerbased on the second pathloss (reference) RS associated with the one ormore second TCI states in response to the pathloss estimation of thesecond pathloss RS being maintained by the wireless device (or inresponse to the second pathloss RS being from the multiple pathloss(reference) RSs). In an example, the configuration parameters mayindicate that a same pathloss (reference) RS is associated with each TCIstate of a respective TCI state group of the multiple TCI state groups.TCI states of same TCI state group may be associated with a samepathloss RS. TCI states of different TCI state groups may be associatedwith different pathloss RSs. The wireless device may determine thetransmit power based on the one or more second TCI states (e.g., basedon the second pathloss (reference) RS associated with the one or moresecond TCI states) in response to TCI states of same TCI state groupbeing associated with the same pathloss RS. In an example, the quantityof the multiple TCI state groups (or the multiple pathloss (reference)RSs) may be equal to or less than the quantity of pathloss RSs indicatedby wireless device pathloss estimation capability parameters.

In an example, the pathloss RS, associated with the TCI state group, maybe associated with a TCI state of the TCI state group. For example, theTCI state may be with a lowest TCI state identity or index in the TCIstate group. For example, the TCI state may be with a highest TCI stateidentity or index in the TCI state group. For example, the TCI state maybe indicated, via the configuration parameters, with an identity or anindex in the TCI state group. In an example, the pathloss RS associatedwith the TCI state group may not be associated with any TCI state of theTCI state group. The wireless device may transmit (e.g., at time T7),based on the transmit power, uplink signals and/or channels with thespatial domain filter. The wireless device may receive downlink signalsand/or channels with the spatial domain filter. The application time maybe a first slot after the time offset from the transmission of theacknowledgement (ACK/NACK). In an example, the time offset may comprise:one or more million seconds; or one or more symbols (e.g., orthogonalfrequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols). The downlink signalsand/or channels may comprise one or more of: PDCCH, PDSCH, PBCH, SSB(s),CSI-RS(s), or DMRS(s). The uplink signals and/or channels may compriseone or more of: SRS(s), PUCCH, PUSCH, or PRACH. The wireless device mayavoid determining a transmit power based on a pathloss (reference) RSwith pathloss estimation not maintained by the wireless device, whichreduces system unreliability of power control procedure and increasespower control performance of uplink transmission for the wirelessdevice.

In existing technologies, a wireless device may apply the one or moresecond TCI states (e.g., a joint TCI state or an uplink TCI state),indicated by the DCI, after the application time (e.g., after time T6with the time offset from time T5). The one or more second TCI statesmay be associated with the second pathloss (reference) RS (e.g., asillustrated in FIG. 20 ). The wireless device behaviors and/or signalingmechanisms between the base station and the wireless device need to beenhanced to determine how to use the second pathloss (reference) RSbased on the application time of the one or more second TCI states. Forexample, there is a need for how to determine the time relationshipbetween the application time of the one or more second TCI states andthe second pathloss (reference) RS associated with the one or moresecond TCI states.

In an example, the wireless device may receive, from the base station,one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate one or more of: the time offset,the application time, a second time offset, and a second applicationtime. In an example, the configuration parameters may indicate thesecond application time is applied by the wireless device for the secondpathloss (reference) RS. The wireless device may determine the transmitpower based on the second pathloss (reference) RS associated with theone or more second TCI states (e.g., before the application time T6 andat time T5). The wireless device may transmit, based on the transmitpower and via PUCCH, the acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) (e.g., before theapplication time T6 and at time T5). The wireless device may apply thesecond pathloss (reference) RS associated with the one or more secondTCI states (e.g., in a first slot) after the second application time(e.g., the second time offset from the reception of the DCI or fromtransmission of the acknowledgement (ACK/NACK)). The second applicationtime may be different from the application time. In an example, thesecond application time may be less than the application time. Thesecond time offset may be different from the time offset. In an example,the second time offset may be less than the time offset.

In an example, the configuration parameters may indicate the applicationtime is applied by the wireless device for the second pathloss(reference) RS (e.g., determining the transmit power) and the one ormore second TCI states (e.g., determining the spatial domain filter foruplink transmission). The wireless device may determine the transmitpower based on the second pathloss (reference) RS associated with theone or more second TCI states (e.g., after the application time T6 andat time T7). The wireless device may apply the application time fordetermining the transmit power (e.g., based on the second pathloss(reference) RS) and for determining the spatial domain filter (e.g.,based on the one or more second TCI states). The wireless device maytransmit, based on the transmit power and the spatial domain filter, theuplink signal and/or channels (e.g., after the application time T6 andat time T7). In an example, the configuration parameters may indicatethe second application time is applied by the wireless device for thesecond pathloss (reference) RS. In an example, the second applicationtime may be greater than the application time. The second time offsetmay be greater than the time offset. The wireless device may determinethe transmit power based on the second pathloss (reference) RS (e.g.,after the second application time) associated with the one or moresecond TCI states. The wireless device may determine a transmit powerbased on a flexible application time of a pathloss (reference) RSassociated with TCI sates (e.g., indicate by the configurationparameters), which improves flexibility of power control procedure andincreases power control performance of uplink transmission for thewireless device.

FIG. 21 illustrates a power control procedure based on TCI states as peran aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. In someembodiments, a wireless device receives configuration parameters thatindicate transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states associatedwith respective pathloss reference signals (RSs) and comprising a firstTCI state and a second TCI. The configuration parameters may indicatethat the first TCI state and the second TCI state belong to a same TCIstate group. Pathloss estimation may be performed or maintained for alimited number (e.g., first pathloss RSs) of the pathloss RSs. Forexample, this limited number (e.g., 4 or 8) may be configured based on awireless device capability. In some embodiments, the wireless devicereceives a downlink control information indicating the first TCI stateassociated with a first pathloss RS. The wireless device selects, fromthe first pathloss RSs, a second pathloss RS associated with the secondTCI, and the selecting is based on: the first pathloss RS being not oneof the first pathloss RSs; and the first TCI state and the second TCIstate being in the same TCI state group. Then, the wireless device maytransmit an uplink signal using a transmit power based on the selectedsecond pathloss RS.

In an example as shown in FIG. 21 , the configuration parametersreceived by the wireless device may indicate a plurality of TCI statesassociated with respective pathloss RSs, including TCI state 0 (TCI0)associated with pathloss (PL) RS2, TCI state 1 (TCI1) associated withPL-RS8, TCI state 2 (TCI2) associated with PL-RS5, TCI state 3 (TCI3)associated with PL-RS4, TCI state 4 (TCI4) associated with PL-RS6, TCIstate 5 (TCI5) associated with PL-RS7, TCI state 6 (TCI6) associatedwith PL-RS0, TCI state 7 (TCI7) associated with PL-RS3, and TCI state 8(TCI8) associated with PL-RS1. In some embodiments, the TCI state groupscan be configured by the base station to group TCI states with one ormore similar properties or parameters (e.g., direction, angle, channelquality, measurements, or ranges of one or more properties etc.). Forexample, the configuration parameters may indicate multiple TCI stategroups (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 21 ) such as TCI state group0 andTCI state group1. TCI state group0 may include, for example, TCI state 0(TCI0), TCI state 1 (TCI1), TCI state 2 (TCI2), and TCI state 5 (TCI5).TCI state group1 may include, for example, TCI state 3 (TCI3), TCI state4 (TCI4), TCI state 6 (TCI6), TCI state 7 (TCI7), and TCI state 8(TCI8).

In some embodiments, the wireless device may maintain pathlossestimation for a limited number of first pathloss RSs, including, forexample, PL-RS2 and PL-RS4. As shown in FIG. 21 and described above:PL-RS2 may be associated with TCI state 0 (TCI0) belonging to (or beingassociated with) TCI state group0 and PL-RS4 may be associated with TCIstate 3 (TCI3) belonging to (or being associated with) TCI state group1.In some embodiments, as further described below, the wireless device mayselect one or more pathloss RSs associated with one or more respectiveTCIs from each TCI state group to monitor for pathloss estimation. Forexample, a pathloss RSs selected for each TCI state group may be basedon the pathloss RSs associated with the TCI state having the lowestidentity in that TCI state group.

In some embodiments, the wireless device may receive a DCI indicating afirst TCI state (e.g., one of TCI0-TCI8) associated with a firstpathloss RS that is not one of the first pathloss RSs maintained by thewireless device for pathloss estimation. As described above, if pathlossestimation was not performed or maintained for the first pathloss RS s,then calculating a transmit power based on the first pathloss RSs willbe inaccurate and lead to performance degradation or reduced throughout.In some embodiments, in response to the first pathloss RSs not being oneof the first pathloss RSs, the wireless device may select a secondpathloss RS, from the first RSs, associated with a TCI state belongingto the same TCI state group as the first TCI state. Since the secondpathloss RS is one of the first pathloss RSs maintained by the wirelessdevice for pathloss estimation, calculating the transmit power based onthis second pathloss RS will result in an accurate calculation resolvingthe issues discussed above.

For example, the DCI received by the wireless device may indicate a TCIstate such as TCI1 associated with PL-RS8. However, PL-RS8 may not beone of the first RSs (e.g., PL-RS2 and PL-RS4) maintained by thewireless device. In this example, the wireless device may instead selectPL-RS2 from the first RSs based on the TCI state (TCI0) associated withPL-RS2 being in the same TCI state group (TCI state group0) as the TCIstate (TCI1) indicated by the DCI. Then, the wireless device maydetermine transmit power based on the selected pathloss RS PL-RS2.

In an example, the wireless device may receive the DCI indicating a TCIstate (e.g., TCI4 associated with PL-RS6) from TCI state group1.However, PL-RS6 may not be one of the first RSs (e.g., PL-RS2 andPL-RS4). In this example, the wireless device may select PL-RS4 from thefirst RSs to determine the transmit power in response to the PL-RS6 notbeing from the first RSs and the TCI state (TCI4) associated with PL-RS4being in the same TCI state group1 as the first TCI state (TCI3)associated with PL-RS4.

In some embodiments, if the DCI indicates a TCI state associated with apathloss RS that is one of the first pathloss RS s being maintained,then the wireless device may determine the transmit power based on thatpathloss RS. Since this pathloss RS has been maintained for pathlossestimation, the pathloss estimation will be accurate. For example, ifthe DCI indicates TCI0, the wireless device may determine the transmitpower based on PL-RS2 associated with TCI0 in response to the PL-RS2being from the first pathloss RSs (e.g., including PL-RS2 and PL-RS4).In an example, the wireless device may receive the DCI indicating a TCIstate (e.g., TCI3 associated with PL-RS4) from TCI state group1. Thewireless device may determine the transmit power based on PL-RS4associated with TCI3 in response to the PL-RS4 being one of the firstpathloss RSs.

FIG. 22 illustrates a flow diagram of power control procedure based onTCI states as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the presentdisclosure. A wireless device may receive, from a base station, one ormore RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. The configurationparameters may indicate a plurality of TCI states. The configurationparameters may indicate multiple TCI state groups of the plurality ofTCI states. The configuration parameters may indicate an associationbetween pathloss RS and a respective TCI state group of the multiple TCIstate groups. The wireless device may receive one or more MAC CEs fromthe base station. The one or more MAC CEs (e.g., a first MAC CE) mayactivate one or more first TCI states of the plurality of TCI states.The one or more MAC CEs (e.g., a second MAC CE) may update pathloss(reference) RS associated with TCI state group. The wireless device mayreceive a DCI indicating one or more second TCI states of the one ormore first TCI states. The one or more second TCI states may beassociated with a pathloss (reference) RS. The wireless device maydetermine transmit power based on the pathloss (reference) RS associatedwith the one or more second TCI states in response to pathlossestimation of the pathloss (reference) RS being maintained by thewireless device. The wireless device may determine the transmit powerbased on second pathloss (reference) RS associated with TCI state group(e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 20 ) comprising the one or more second TCIstates in response to pathloss estimation of the pathloss (reference) RSbeing not maintained by the wireless device. The wireless device maytransmit, based on the transmit power, uplink signals. The uplinksignals may comprise one or more of: transport block via PUSCH, uplinkcontrol information via PUCCH, and/or sounding RS.

FIG. 23 illustrates a power control procedure based on TCI states as peran aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. A wirelessdevice may receive (e.g., at time T1) one or more RRC messages from abase station. The one or more RRC messages may comprise configurationparameters. The configuration parameters may indicate a plurality oftransmission configuration indicator (TCI) states. Each TCI state of theplurality of TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference) RS(e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 , FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B). The wirelessdevice may receive (e.g., at time T2) a MAC CE from the base station.The MAC CE may activate one or more first TCI states of the plurality ofTCI states. The wireless device may receive (e.g., at time T3) adownlink control information (DCI) from the base station. The DCI mayindicate one or more second TCI states (e.g., one or more joint TCIstates; and/or one or more separate TCI states or uplink TCI states) ofthe one or more first TCI states. In an example, the DCI may schedule atransport block via a PDSCH. The wireless device may receive (e.g., attime T4) the transport block via the PDSCH from the base station. In anexample, the DCI may not schedule the transport block via the PDSCH. Theone or more second TCI states may be associated with a second pathloss(reference) RS (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 17 , FIG. 18A and FIG.18B).

The wireless device may transmit (e.g., at time T5), to the basestation, an acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) of the transport block (e.g., thetransport block being scheduled) and/or the DCI (e.g., the transportblock not being scheduled). The wireless device may apply (e.g., fromtime T6) the one or more second TCI states after a time offset (e.g., anapplication time of the one or more second TCI states at time T6) fromtransmission (by the wireless device) of the acknowledgement (ACK/NACK).The application of the one or more second TCI states may comprisetransmissions and/or receptions (by the wireless device) of signalsand/or channels for uplink and/or downlink with the one or more secondTCI states. For example, the wireless device may determine a spatialdomain filter based on the one or more second TCI states. In an example,the wireless device may determine the spatial domain filter based onquasi colocation reference signal(s) (or spatial relation informationreference signal(s)) of the one or more second TCI states. In anexample, the wireless device may determine a transmit power based on theone or more second TCI states (e.g., based on the second pathloss(reference) RS associated with the one or more second TCI states inresponse to the pathloss estimation of the second pathloss RS beingmaintained by the wireless device).

In an example, the wireless device may maintain (or perform) pathlossestimation (e.g., from time T1 to time T7) for multiple pathloss(reference) RSs associated with multiple TCI states of the plurality ofTCI states. For example, each of the multiple pathloss (reference) RSsmay be associated with a respective TCI state of the plurality of TCIstates. The wireless device may determine the transmit power based on asecond transmit power with a most recent transmission in response topathloss estimation of the second pathloss RS being not maintained bythe wireless device (or in response to the second pathloss RS being notfrom the multiple pathloss (reference) RSs). For example, the transmitpower may be equal to the second transmit power. The second transmitpower with a most recent transmission may comprise a transmission powerdetermined by the wireless device for the most recent transmission ofuplink signals prior to receiving the DCI. In an example, the wirelessdevice may determine the second transmit power based on power controlparameters indicated by a sounding reference signal resource indicator(SRI) of a second DCI prior to receiving the DCI. In an example, thewireless device may determine the transmit power based on the secondpathloss (reference) RS associated with the one or more second TCIstates in response to the pathloss estimation of the second pathloss RSbeing maintained by the wireless device (or in response to the secondpathloss RS being from the multiple pathloss (reference) RSs).

In an example, the wireless device may transmit (e.g., at time T7),based on the transmit power, uplink signals and/or channels with thespatial domain filter. The wireless device may receive downlink signalsand/or channels with the spatial domain filter. The application time ofthe one or more second TCI states may be a first slot after the timeoffset from the transmission of the acknowledgement (ACK/NACK). In anexample, the time offset may comprise: one or more million seconds; orone or more symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) symbols). The downlink signals and/or channels may comprise oneor more of: PDCCH, PDSCH, PBCH, SSB(s), CSI-RS(s), or DMRS(s). Theuplink signals and/or channels may comprise one or more of: SRS(s),PUCCH, PUSCH, or PRACH. In an example, the wireless device may determinethe transmit power based on the second pathloss (reference) RSassociated with the one or more second TCI states (e.g., before theapplication time T6 and at time T5). The wireless device may transmit,based on the transmit power and via PUCCH, the acknowledgement(ACK/NACK) (e.g., before the application time T6 and at time T5). In anexample, the wireless device may determine the transmit power based onthe second pathloss (reference) RS associated with the one or moresecond TCI states (e.g., after the application time T6 and at time T7).The wireless device may transmit, based on the transmit power and thespatial domain filter, the uplink signal and/or channels (e.g., afterthe application time T6 and at time T7).

FIG. 24 illustrates a flow diagram of power control procedure based onTCI states as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the presentdisclosure. A wireless device may receive, from a base station, one ormore RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. The configurationparameters may indicate a plurality of TCI states. The wireless devicemay receive a MAC CE activating one or more first TCI states of theplurality of TCI states. The wireless device may receive a DCIindicating one or more second TCI states of the one or more first TCIstates. The one or more second TCI states may be associated with apathloss (reference) RS. The wireless device may determine a firsttransmit power based on the pathloss (reference) RS associated with theone or more second TCI states in response to pathloss estimation of thepathloss (reference) RS, associated with the one or more second TCIstates, being maintained by the wireless device. The wireless device maydetermine the first transmit power based on a second transmit power witha most recent transmission of uplink signal(s) in response to pathlossestimation of the pathloss (reference) RS, associated with the one ormore second TCI states, being not maintained by the wireless device. Forexample, the first transmit power may be equal to the second transmitpower. The second transmit power with a most recent transmission maycomprise a transmission power determined by the wireless device for themost recent transmission of uplink signals prior to receiving the DCI.In an example, the wireless device may determine the second transmitpower based on power control parameters indicated by a soundingreference signal resource indicator (SRI) of a second DCI prior toreceiving the DCI. The wireless device may transmit, based on the firsttransmit power, uplink signal(s) to the base station.

FIG. 25 illustrates a flow diagram of a power control procedure based onTCI states as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the presentdisclosure. A wireless device may receive, from a base station, one ormore RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. The configurationparameters may indicate transmission configuration indicator (TCI)states grouped into TCI state groups. Each TCI state of the TCI statesmay be associated with a pathloss (reference) reference signal (RS) ofpathloss (reference) RSs. The wireless device may select first pathlossRSs from the pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. Each pathloss RS ofthe first pathloss RSs may be associated with a respective TCI stategroup of the TCI state groups. The wireless device may receive adownlink control information indicating a second TCI state, of the TCIstates, associated with a second pathloss RS. In response to the secondpathloss RS being not from the first pathloss RSs, the wireless devicemay determine a transmit power based on a third pathloss RS from thefirst pathloss RSs. The third pathloss RS may be associated with thesame TCI state group as the second TCI state. The wireless device maytransmit, based on the transmit power, an uplink signal. The uplinksignal may comprise one or more of: a transport block via PUSCH, uplinkcontrol information via PUCCH, and/or sounding RS.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states grouped into TCI state groups. Each TCI state ofthe TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference) referencesignal (RS) of pathloss (reference) RSs. The wireless device may selectfirst pathloss RSs from the pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. Eachpathloss RS of the first pathloss RSs may be associated with arespective TCI state group of the TCI state groups. The wireless devicemay receive a downlink control information indicating a second TCIstate, of the TCI states, associated with a second pathloss RS. Inresponse to the second pathloss RS being not from the first pathlossRSs, the wireless device may determine a transmit power based on a thirdpathloss RS from the first pathloss RSs. The third pathloss RS may beassociated with the same TCI state group as the second TCI state. Thewireless device may transmit, based on the transmit power, an uplinksignal.

In an example, each of the TCI state groups may comprise same quantityof TCI states of the TCI states or different quantity of TCI states ofthe TCI states. The association between TCI state of the TCI states andpathloss RS of the pathloss RSs may comprise at least one of: the TCIstate includes the pathloss RS of the pathloss RSs; and the pathloss RSof the pathloss RSs is linked with the TCI state via the configurationparameters. The pathloss RSs may comprise each pathloss RS is associatedwith each TCI state of the TCI states. The selecting the first pathlossRSs may be further based on the wireless device capability. Theselecting the first pathloss RSs may comprise randomly selecting apathloss RS from a respective TCI state group of the TCI state groups.The association between the pathloss RS of the first pathloss RSs andthe TCI state group of the TCI state groups may comprise one of: thepathloss RS is associated with a TCI state of the TCI state group; thepathloss RS is not associated with and included in a TCI state of theTCI state group. The TCI state associated with the pathloss RS maycomprise the TCI state is with a lowest or a highest identity or indexof the TCI state group. The wireless device may receive a medium accesscontrol control element updating or indicating the pathloss RS, of thefirst pathloss RSs, associated with the TCI state group of the TCI stategroups.

In an example, the selecting may further comprise maintaining thepathloss estimation for each of the first pathloss RSs. The maintainingthe pathloss estimation may comprise a measurement of pathloss RSreceived power and average operation of the measurements for thepathloss estimation. The second TCI state may be a joint TCI state or anuplink TCI state. The second TCI state may be associated with anapplication time. The application time may comprise one or more of: aslot; an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol; amini-slot; a subframe; and a frame. The determining the transmit powermay be performed by the wireless device after the application time. Thedetermining the transmit power may be performed by the wireless devicebefore the application time. The wireless device may determine an uplinkspatial filter based on the second TCI state after the application time.The transmitting may further comprise transmitting, based on thetransmit power and the spatial filter, the uplink signal. Theconfiguration parameters may further indicate the association betweenthe pathloss RS of the first pathloss RSs and the TCI state group of theTCI state groups. The uplink signal may comprise one or more of: atransport block via a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH); a soundingRS; or an uplink control information via physical uplink control channel(PUCCH). The transmitting the uplink signal may comprise transmittingthe uplink signal before an application time of the second TCI state.The transmitting the uplink signal may comprise transmitting the uplinksignal after an application time of the second TCI state.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states grouped into TCI state groups. Each TCI state ofthe TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference) referencesignal (RS) of pathloss (reference) RS s. The configuration parametersmay indicate an association between each pathloss RS of first pathlossRSs and a respective TCI state group of the TCI state groups. Thewireless device may select, based on the association, the first pathlossRSs from the pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. The wireless devicemay receive a downlink control information indicating a second TCIstate, of the TCI states, associated with a second pathloss RS. Inresponse to the second pathloss RS being not from the first pathlossRSs, the wireless device may determine a transmit power based on a thirdpathloss RS from the first pathloss RSs. The third pathloss RS may beassociated with the same TCI state group as the second TCI state. Thewireless device may transmit, based on the transmit power, an uplinksignal.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states grouped into TCI state groups. Each TCI state ofthe TCI states may be associated with a pathloss (reference) referencesignal (RS) of pathloss (reference) RSs. The wireless device may selectfirst pathloss RSs from the pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. Eachpathloss RS of the first pathloss RSs may be associated with a TCI statewith lowest identity of a respective TCI state group of the TCI stategroups. The wireless device may receive a downlink control informationindicating a second TCI state, of the TCI states, associated with asecond pathloss RS. In response to the second pathloss RS being not fromthe first pathloss RSs, the wireless device may determine a transmitpower based on a third pathloss RS from the first pathloss RSs. Thethird pathloss RS may be associated with the TCI state with lowestidentity of the same TCI state group as the second TCI state. Thewireless device may transmit, based on the transmit power, an uplinksignal.

In an example, a wireless device may receive, from a base station, oneor more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters. Theconfiguration parameters may indicate transmission configurationindicator (TCI) states. Each TCI state of the TCI states may beassociated with a pathloss (reference) reference signal (RS) of pathloss(reference) RSs. The wireless device may select first pathloss RSs fromthe pathloss RSs for pathloss estimation. The wireless device mayreceive a downlink control information indicating a second TCI state, ofthe TCI states, associated with a second pathloss RS. In response to thesecond pathloss RS being not from the first pathloss RSs, the wirelessdevice may determine a transmit power based on a second transmit powerwith a most recent uplink transmission of an uplink signal. The wirelessdevice may transmit, based on the transmit power, the uplink signal.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: performing, by a wireless device, pathloss estimation of pathloss reference signals (RSs); receiving downlink control information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state of TCI states, wherein: the TCI states are grouped into TCI state groups; and the first TCI state is associated with a first pathloss RS; selecting, from the pathloss RSs, a second pathloss RS associated with a second TCI state of the TCI states, wherein the selecting is based on: the first pathloss RS not being one of the pathloss RSs; and the first TCI state and the second TCI state belonging to a first TCI state group of the TCI state groups; and transmitting an uplink signal using a transmit power based on the second pathloss RS.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving configuration parameters indicating the TCI states grouped into the TCI state groups, wherein each of the TCI states is associated with a respective RS of the pathloss RSs.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the TCI state groups comprises a same quantity of TCI states.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting the second pathloss RS is further based on a capability of the wireless device to monitor the pathloss RSs.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting the second pathloss RS is further based on the second TCI state comprising a lowest TCI state index within the first TCI state group.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second pathloss RS is associated with the first TCI state group.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein an association between the second pathloss RS and the first TCI state group is based on one or both of: the second pathloss RS being associated with a TCI state of the first TCI state group; or the second pathloss RS not being associated with or included in the TCI state of the first TCI state group.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein an association between the second pathloss RS and the first TCI state group is based on a TCI state, of the first TCI state group, with a lowest index or a highest index of the first TCI state group.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first TCI state or the second TCI state is a joint TCI state or an uplink TCI state.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitting the uplink signal comprises transmitting the uplink signal before an application time of the first TCI state.
 11. A wireless device comprising: one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to: perform pathloss estimation of pathloss reference signals (RSs); receive downlink control information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state of TCI states, wherein: the TCI states are grouped into TCI state groups; and the first TCI state is associated with a first pathloss RS; select, from the pathloss RSs, a second pathloss RS associated with a second TCI state of the TCI states, wherein the second pathloss RS is selected based on: the first pathloss RS not being one of the pathloss RSs; and the first TCI state and the second TCI state belonging to a first TCI state group of the TCI state groups; and transmit an uplink signal using a transmit power based on the second pathloss RS.
 12. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the instructions further cause the wireless device to receive configuration parameters indicating the TCI states grouped into the TCI state groups, wherein each of the TCI states is associated with a respective RS of the pathloss RSs.
 13. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein each of the TCI state groups comprises a same quantity of TCI states.
 14. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the second pathloss RS is selected further based on a capability of the wireless device to monitor the pathloss RSs.
 15. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the second pathloss RS is further selected based on the second TCI state comprising a lowest TCI state index within the first TCI state group.
 16. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the second pathloss RS is associated with the first TCI state group.
 17. The wireless device of claim 16, wherein an association between the second pathloss RS and the first TCI state group is based on one of: the second pathloss RS being associated with a TCI state of the first TCI state group; or the second pathloss RS not being associated with or included in the TCI state of the first TCI state group.
 18. The wireless device of claim 16, wherein an association between the second pathloss RS and the first TCI state group is based on a TCI state, of the first TCI state group, with a lowest index or a highest index of the first TCI state group.
 19. The wireless device of claim 11, wherein the first TCI state or the second TCI state is a joint TCI state or an uplink TCI state.
 20. A system comprising: a base station comprising: one or more first processors; and first memory storing first instructions that, when executed by the one or more first processors, cause the base station to transmit downlink control information indicating a first transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state of TCI states, wherein: the TCI states are grouped into TCI state groups; and the first TCI state is associated with a first pathloss reference signal (RS); and a wireless device comprising: one or more second processors; and second memory storing second instructions that, when executed by the one or more second processors, cause the wireless device to: perform pathloss estimation of pathloss RSs; receive the downlink control information; select, from the pathloss RSs, a second pathloss RS associated with a second TCI state of the TCI states, wherein the second pathloss RS is selected based on: the first pathloss RS not being one of the pathloss RSs; and the first TCI state and the second TCI state belonging to a first TCI state group of the TCI state groups; and transmit an uplink signal using a transmit power based on the second pathloss RS. 